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Opportunities for Battery Storage and Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank Test System for Microgrid Applications Nesimi Ertugrul, Graeme Bell, Gabriel G. Haines and Qing Fang University of Adelaide School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering nesimi.ertugrul@adelaide.edu.au
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage Features of Distributed Power Generation • Distributed generation (embedded generation) include various sources (biomass-based generators , combustion turbines, concentrating solar power and photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, wind turbines, microturbines, engine/ generator sets) and storage and control technologies. • They are usually modular (allowing for easy deployment) or may have storage located near the point of use. • They can be grid-connected (by interfacing at the distribution system) or operated independently of the grid. • Provides secure uninterrupted power supply • More choice in fuel supply options • Can be quieter and less polluting • Can help reduce the load on distribution and transmission systems : reduction of line losses and helping increase reliability of the electric system • Flexible electric power: on-/off-grid reducing dependence on centralized power plants. • Can meet base load/peak-shaving/backup/remote/grid support power needs. • Can help reduce the cost of distribution system maintenance and operation which account for half of the retail price of electric service.
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage Issues • Demand is unpredictable, generation (predictable !) must meet demand • Renewable energy (generation !) is also unpredictable • Australian Network: • Is weak, long and thin (rural farming and community loads) • Have limited import/export opportunities (between the states) • Have large load variations (associated with heat waves, or mining loads) • Have low power system inertia (due to decommissioning old power stations) • In Australia: • Fringe-of-grid areas, isolated or islanded systems, and remote/very remote areas (mining sites) are likely to experience reliability and power quality issues. • The battery storage can also offer significant savings in off-grid applications. • Voltage fluctuations are the major issues with the integration of renewable energy • The randomness of the mining loads and their co-incident simultaneous operation the demand cycle of the multiple loads might have a very large short term power variation incidentally.
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage A forthcoming issue: Duck Curve/ Steep ramps • Steep ramps : Lower base load and relatively unchanged peak demand means that utilities would need to increase or decrease baseload generation capacity (large coal or nuclear power plants), or diesel or natural gasfired ramping generators. • Hence utility and industry scale battery storage applications can be utilized • However, careful management is required ! • It is predicted that (Navigant Research) 11 GW of energy storage capacity will be installed annually by 2020 in 22 countries (1/3 is in Asia and Oceania).
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage Utility scale battery storage applications Generation Transmission Level Distribution Level Level Fast-response Dynamic line Energy storage for frequency rating support utilities Dynamic stability Facilitating high PV regulation Black start support penetration Spinning Reducing embedded microgrids reserve interconnection Energy arbitrage Back-up and cost Voltage support of Ramp-Rate control mission critical power long radial circuits of PV inputs Power plant Increase asset efficiency and utilization and hybridization ancillary services Ramp rate Loss reduction Voltage support management Peak demand Peak-shaving, load and time shifting management Power quality improvement Mitigating Power reduction in curtailment events to shut intermittency down to mitigate issues associated with (firming) generator loading, export to the grid, or certain planning conditions. Renewable integration Reactive power control (wind and solar) Asset deferral
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage Technical characteristics of battery storage applications Technical Characteristics Common Storage Power Backup Cycles Storage Applications (MW) Time /Year Response Time Spinning reserve ~100 hours 20-50 sec to min Load levelling ~100 hours 250 minutes Black start ~100 hours seldom <1 min Investment deferral ~100 hours >100 minutes Power regulation <10 min 1000s <1 min with intermittent sources Integration of non- ~10 min frequent <min predictable sources Power quality <1 min <100 10s - 1 min Line stability ~100 sec 100 ~ cycles Power oscillation <1 sec 100 ~ cycles damping Power versus Energy !
Australian Battery Storage Test System ARENA Project/University of Adelaide Aim : “Accelerate growth of energy storage industry in Australia by real tests on system components and applications, knowledge sharing and training. Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank (AESKB) • Central Repository will include: Case studies, trial / test data, network performance outcomes, storage system level, environmental data, battery level data, link with other databases / projects around Australia and the world, reports, research publications.
Australian Battery Storage Test System Test System Architecture MV Distribution Line Local LV load (or microgrid) (Embedded Microgrid) Diesel Gen Solar PV Load bank (200kW) DUT (Spare) Safety Interlock 3 x PCS100 ABB Inverter Modules 270kW Isolating Transformer Normal Duty (360 kVA) Battery Battery (DUT) (LG Chem, 273 kWh, 3 strings, 820V dc) Container • Extended version of a modern energy storage system ! • Standard termination arrangements for interconnecting cables from battery, smaller distributed controllers facilitate customisation at BMS interface, access to software by the university facilitates delivery of custom interfaces at the BMS interface, and Internet of Things controller architecture. • Initial and Final battery capacity, Charge / Discharge profiles and Battery Cell / Module Characteristics / Tests, Power Quality
Features of Battery Storage Systems MV Distribution Line Local LV load (or microgrid) (Embedded Microgrid) Diesel Gen Solar PV Load bank Sizing and design is (200kW) DUT (Spare) all around the Safety Interlock storage technology ! 3 x PCS100 ABB Inverter Modules 270kW Isolating Transformer Normal Duty (360 kVA) Battery Battery (DUT) (LG Chem, 273 kWh, 3 strings, 820V dc) Container CONVERTER : Bidirectional DC SIDE : DC protections, DC voltage ranges, DC current ripple, keep safe operating conditions AC SIDE : System operator related : flexible, ancillary, reactive support, black start, ramp rate control PERFORMANCE : Harmonics, time response, cooling, efficiency, power deratings CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS : Frequency, power input/output in MV, the state of charge, the control mode by BMS, historical view of data, alarms EPC (ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, CONSTRUCTION) AND INTEGRATION : Companies doing EPC: Such ABB, Siemens, AES, ABENGOA and also locals (Magellan, ZEN) GRID INTERCONNECTION: Interconnection point (distribution line , transmission line, suburb, urban/ rural, safety, noise, location, lightning , grounding etc., Communication/protection requirements by the T/D providers Ability and cost of interconnecting , Size of the distributed generation system , Voltage considerations
Australian Battery Storage Test System Operational Modes of the Test System 1. Parallel to Mains only, No Islanding OR
Australian Battery Storage Test System Operational Modes of the Test System 2. Parallel to grid / with islanding of MV tail section
Australian Battery Storage Test System Operational Modes of the Test System 3. Parallel to Mains with islanding of LV network section
Australian Battery Storage Test System Operational Modes of the Test System 4. Embedded LV Microgrid *
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