7 th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management Crete Island, Greece, 26–29 June 2019 Techno-economic sustainability criteria and indicators for End-of-Life options of bio-based plastics Demetres Briassoulis, Anastasia Pikasi, Miltiadis Hiskakis Department of Natural Resources & Agricultural Engineering Agricultural University of Athens Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 1 Greece
Bio-based plastics • Bio-based plastics global production capacity in 2018 and predicted for 2028 : 1 Bio-based non-biodegradable Bio-based non-biodegradable Bio-based plastics market: Bio-based plastics market: polymers: 56.8% polymers: 56.8% • From 2.1 mt (2018) to 2.6 mt • From 2.1 mt (2018) to 2.6 mt Bio-based biodegradable Bio-based biodegradable (2023) polymers: 43.2% (2023) polymers: 43.2% 1 European Bioplastics, BIOPLASTICS - facts and fjgures Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 2 Greece
1. Sustainable bioeconomy 1. Sustainable bioeconomy • Circular economy: 1 – Circular system resource inputs and outputs are minimized through the design for recirculation and long lasting loops of reuse following repair, remanufacturing and refurbishing and also recycling, and upcycling • Bioeconomy: – Renewable resources of biological origin – The processing methods used in biorefjneries aim at valorising the biomass as resource for the production of bioenergy and bio-based materials • Sustainable bioeconomy : 2 – The renewable segment of the circular economy – The sustainable circular bioeconomy turns biogenic waste and residues into renewable resources for the production of added value bio-based materials 1 Zuin, V.G. & Ramin, L.Z. T op Curr Chem (Z) (2018) 376: 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-017-0182-z 2 1 European Commission, A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment, Updated Bioeconomy Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 3 Strategy, 2018; doi:10.2777/792130 Greece
Recirculation and alternative end-of-use/ life routes of bio-based products EoU/EoL routes for post-consumer and scrap bio- sustainable circular bioeconomy based products Recovered bio-based Recovered bio-based materials = • Reuse materials = New bio-based raw New bio-based raw • Recovery materials materials Βio-based plastics EoU/EoL Βio-based plastics EoU/EoL recovery routes hierarchy: recovery routes hierarchy: a) Material recovery: a) Material recovery: Recirculation Recirculation • Mechanical recycling • Mechanical recycling into the into the • Chemical or feedstock • Chemical or feedstock Manufacturing of Manufacturing of production production recycling recycling bio-based plastics bio-based plastics system or system or b) Organic recycling b) Organic recycling - Biorefjnery - Biorefjnery • Aerobic composting through industrial • Aerobic composting through industrial • Anaerobic digestion • Anaerobic digestion symbiosis symbiosis By- Products, By- Products, Products, By- By- Products, c) Energy recovery c) Energy recovery products, market, Post- products, market, Post- products, market, Post- market, Post- products, Post- consumer Post- consumer Post- consumer Post- consumer • Landfjlling The Circular Economy Package (EC) sets new EU recovery The Circular Economy Package (EC) sets new EU recovery industrial industrial industrial industrial targets by 2030: targets by 2030: Recycling: 65% of municipal waste; 75% of packaging waste; Recycling: 65% of municipal waste; 75% of packaging waste; Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4 Lanfjlling: Binding max 10% of municipal waste; Ban landfjlling of separately Lanfjlling: Binding max 10% of municipal waste; Ban landfjlling of separately Greece
2. Techno-economic sustainability methodology for material 2. Techno-economic sustainability methodology for material recovery of post-consumer bio-based plastics recovery of post-consumer bio-based plastics • Techno-economic sustainability criteria: – Criteria to assure the feasibility and viability of mechanical and chemical recycling of post- consumer bio-based plastics • Environmental and social sustainability criteria are not source: 1 considered in this work Pillars of – They need to be included to complete the sustainability sustainability assessment of any EoL option • Boundaries: gate to gate – Entrance to the facility: sorted post-consumer and post-industrial bio-based plastics – Exit from the facility: fjnal recovered material 1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 5 Greece
Criterion 1: Technical feasibility based on existing processes and Criterion 1: Technical feasibility based on existing processes and possible improvements possible improvements Technical Material recovery of post-consumer / post- feasibility industrial bio-based plastics Components Bio-based equivalents to conventional polymers: Biodegradabil follow recycling streams of the corresponding ity conventional plastics ₋ Non-recyclable non-biodegradable plastics: routed to energy recovery in the form of SRF Biodegradable plastics: limitations apply when these materials are to be treated by mechanical or https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polym chemical recycling degradstab.2017.12.011 ₋ Non-recyclable biodegradable plastics: organic recycling If collected separately into mono-streams or Sorting sorting effjciency is high: effjciency ⁻ mechanical recycling becomes the most Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 6 attractive EoL option Greece ⁻ chemical depolymerization recovers high
Criterion 1: Technical feasibility based on existing processes and Criterion 1: Technical feasibility based on existing processes and possible improvements possible improvements Technical Material recovery / organic recycling of feasibility post-consumer / post-industrial bio-based Components plastics Mechanical Thermal stability: Recycling ₋ fjrst prerequisite for any polymer Contamination by non-compatible polymers: Processability ₋ processing problems and degraded quality of recyclate Physical limiting factors: ₋ presence of contaminants, degradation etc. Effjciency of depolymerisation process: Chemical Recycling ₋ high recovery rates of high quality monomers/chemicals is crucial Processability A low effjciency process needs improvements : ⁻ design and production of innovative depolymerization catalysts ⁻ development of chemically recyclable polymers, etc. doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017- 0046 Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 7 Conformity to standard specifjcations for industrial Compostability Greece
Criterion 2: Economic viability based on existing processes Criterion 2: Economic viability based on existing processes Economic Material recovery / organic recycling of viability post-consumer / post-industrial bio-based Components plastics Availability and/or distance of available Infrastructures for materials infrastructures: recovery ₋ Mechanical recycling is the fjrst priority alternative EoL route or not ₋ Chemical recycling becomes a valuable alternative recycling route in the near future ₋ Requires support by research & development activities ₋ Organic recycling and/or AD suitable EoL options depend on infrastuctures Economic viability depends on: Availability of bio-based ₋ constant supply of bio-based plastics ₋ suffjcient quantities plastic waste ₋ commercial mono streams of bio-based plastics ₋ operate near their maximum design capacity Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 8 Greece
Criterion 2: Economic viability based on existing processes Criterion 2: Economic viability based on existing processes Economic Material recovery / organic recycling of viability post-consumer / post-industrial bio-based Components plastics Recovered Degradation characteristics of recyclates of materials conventional and bio-based non-biodegradable quality - plastics : mechanical ₋ defjned by relevant standards Biodegradable bio-based plastic recyclates: ₋ no standards exist The feedstock nature afgects the economic Recovered materials feasibility of the chemical recycling processes quality - ₋ Pure polymer streams result in high value products by chemical depolymerisation processes (original chemical monomers recovery) ₋ Thermochemical recycling processes, usually end up in products characterized by low quality (mixtures of various hydrocarbons) ISO 15270:2008 Hraklion2019 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 9 Greece The organic recycling fjnal products quality: Organic
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