On Your Desk • Religion Research Project • Unit 5 Notebook
UNIT 5: Religion Chapter 7
Key Question: What Role does Religion Play in Culture?
Question 1 • What is religion? What is Secularism? Define and explain both terms. • What is the difference between monotheistic, polytheistic, and Animistic religions? Define and give examples of these terms.
• What is a reason for the decline in Christianity in the U.S, but a an increase in Non- Christian/secular beliefs?
What religion will increase the most in followers by 2050?
Religion: A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. Perceived ultimate priorities : a list of things a follower “should” do and ways a follower “should” behave.
Classifications of Religions Monotheistic religions – worship a single deity (god). EX: Christianity, Islam, Judaism
• Polytheistic religions: – worship more than one deity (god), even thousands. • Ex Ex: : Hin indu duism ism, , Mah ahayana ayana Buddhi ddhism, sm, Con onfuc fucianism, ianism, Tao aois ism, m, Shint intoism oism
Animistic religions – the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth. EX: Native American Tribes
Indigenous Religions • Belief systems practiced and passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group. – Indi digenous nous = produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment. EX EX: : Fol olk k Cul ultur tures es (E (Ex. . Nat ativ ive e Ame meri rica can n Tribes ibes)
Tay Ninh is where Vietnam’s indigenous religions – Caodaism is located.
Eth thnic nic re relig ligion ions s – religions whose adherents are born into the faith and whose members do not actively seek converts.
Shamanism • Ethnic religion where communities follow a Shaman(a religious leader/teacher) – Strongest in Africa, and the Amazon and in parts of Mexico and Guatemala
Hinduism (ethnic religion) Originated: In Indus River Valley( Pakistan ) over 4000 years ago. Core Beliefs: Ritual bathing, karma, reincarnation, many deities Sacred Text: Vedas Sacred Sites: Ganges River (India) Diffusion: Through South Asia and into Southeast Asia
Caste System • The strict social segregation on ancestry • Specifically in India’s Hindu society. • Recently, lessening influence
Four Main Classes - Varnas
• Kashi hi Vishw hwana anath th Templ ple in Varanasi ranasi, , Indi dia: – Towers with stepped sides and carved in faces of deities
Confucianism Originated: In China about 2500 years ago Core Belief: Real meaning of life lays in the present, service to one’s fellow humans Founder: Confucius Sacred Text: “Confucian Classics” Diffusion: East Asia, Southeast Asia
Judaism (ethnic) Originated: In Southwest Asia about 3000-4000 years ago. Core Beliefs: Oldest monotheistic religion, covenant between God (one God) and Abraham (the chosen people) Sacred Text: Torah Founder: Abraham Sacred Sites: Jerusalem (Western Wall), land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River Diffusion: Into European cities during the Diaspora, into N. America during WWII, into Israel over last 50 years
Diaspora (To Disperse) • Describes the forced or voluntary dispersal of a large scale of people from their homeland to a new place.
Jewish Diaspora • The original Diaspora occurred after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 66-70 CE. • Jews dispersed north into Central Europe and across North Africa and Spain.
Zionism • The movement to unite the Jewish people of the Diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. – Opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies. – Advocated the return of Jews to Israel.
Un Univ iver ersal saliz izin ing g re reli ligi gions ns – religions that actively seek converts because members believe they offer belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal.
Buddhism (universalizing) Originated: Splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago. Originated in a region from Nepal south to the Ganges River area. Core Beliefs: Anyone can achieve salvation, reach enlightenment Founder: Siddartha (the Buddha) Sacred Sites: Stupas Diffusion: Most strongly into Tibet in the north and into East Asia
Christianity (universalizing) Originated: In Southwest Asia about 2000 years ago. Core Beliefs: Monotheistic religion, follow teachings of Jesus to achieve eternal life Sacred text: Bible Founder: Jesus (son of God) Sacred Sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem Diffusion: Into Western Europe, and then world wide during colonialism and after.
Primary Branches of Christianity • Roman Catholic(1054) – Largest, 830 million, Vatican City, Pope – 21% of U.S Christians • Eastern Orthodox Christianity (1054) – Eastern Europe & Russia • Protestant Christians (16 th Century) – 25% all Christians Globally – 46.6% Of Christians in the U.S
Religious Landscapes in the United States Identify 3 patterns and explain reasons behind both .
Islam (universalizing) Originated: Mecca, Saudi Arabia about 1500 years ago. Core Beliefs: Monotheistic (Allah), revelations Muhammad received from Allah, Five Pillars. Sacred Text: Qu’ran Founder: Muhammad (prophet) Sacred Sites: Mecca( Saudi Arabia ), Medina( Saudi Arabia ), Jerusalem( Israel ) Diffusion: Across Arabian peninsula, across North Africa, into Spain and also east into Southeast Asia
Sharia law: • The system of Islamic law. • Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qur'an. • Ex: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen
Theocracy • A government run by a religion EX: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City
Question 2 • Explain the divide between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims. Why did the religion split and what are some of the differences in religious practice. How this divide does affects Islamic countries today? (ex. Any current conflicts?)
Major split in Islam Shortly after Muhammad’s death(632 CE), split into 1. Sunni Muslims (the majority, 85%) – Bangladesh and Pakistan 2. Shi’ite Muslims (15%, Direct Descendents) – Caliphate (direct successor) – Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran
Do We Look Like Terrorists to You? 1. Explain what happened to Irum Ali that reflects many Americans reactions/attitudes towards Muslim-Americans. 2. Why do many Americans view Islam as a religion of violence? Explain. 3. How can we change negative perceptions about Islam in America? 4. What do many Americans assume about a Muslim woman wearing a Hijab? How is this different than the reality of the situation? 5. How many believers of Islam are their globally and what region is their almost a billion Muslims? 6. What is the difference between a Chador, Hijab, and a Burka? 7. What is the reaction of Muslim-Americans to the myth that Islam promotes terrorism? 8. What are some of the motivations behind why some Muslims are turning towards violence and listening to terrorist leaders? Are there any connections between these motivations and the United States? 9. Explain TWO encouraging signs of acceptance of Islam in America presented in the Article? 10. On the choropleth map on the last page, answer questions 1, 4, 6, 9, and 10 below the map .
Sacred Sites: • Places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning.
Pilgrimage: • Purposeful travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site.
Roman Catholic: Vatican City – Sacred site
Hinduism: Ganges River
Death Along the Ganges River • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEOB W1PvMqo
• The Kaaba (Islam's most sacred mosque) Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem Jerusalem is sacred to three major religions: • Judaism (Western Wall) • Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre) • Islam (Dome of the Rock)
Buddhist Temples/Shrines • Stupas pas: Dome or tower, bell-shaped structures that protect burial mounds-a type of Buddhist shrine. (Nepal & Tibet) Pagoda: tower style with several levels that features winged roofs (East Asia)
Buddhist Stupas : 72 stupas, each containing a sculpture of the Buddha in meditation were built around 800 CE and still stand in Borobudur, Indonesia.
Protestant churches – less ornate – focus on simple worship
Muslim Mosques: Dome of this mosque in Isfahan, Iran demonstrates the importance of geometric art evident in Muslim architecture .
• Synagogues: no typical style – Western/Wai rn/Wailing ling Wall in Jerusalem most sacred
Western Wall, Jerusalem
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