Municipal Solid Waste: Municipal Solid Waste: A Solution to the Growing Problem A Solution to the Growing Problem Jessica Beard Jessica Beard Brant Bennett Brant Bennett Jason Black Jason Black Adam Bymaster Adam Bymaster Alex Ibanez Alex Ibanez
Purpose Purpose • Investigate and select an alternative Investigate and select an alternative • method of MSW disposal method of MSW disposal • Design a waste processing plant Design a waste processing plant • • Advance the previous deterministic model Advance the previous deterministic model • to optimize a construction and expansion to optimize a construction and expansion timeline timeline • Select a feasible investment strategy Select a feasible investment strategy •
Today’ ’s Agenda s Agenda Today 1. MSW in the United States 1. MSW in the United States - City selection City selection - - Waste disposal methods Waste disposal methods - 2. Pyrolysis Processing Plant 2. Pyrolysis Processing Plant 3. Producing Hydrogen from Synthetic Gas 3. Producing Hydrogen from Synthetic Gas - Other possible end products Other possible end products - 4. MSW Processing Plant Capital Costs 4. MSW Processing Plant Capital Costs 5. Deterministic Model 5. Deterministic Model 6. Results 6. Results 7. Ownership 7. Ownership
Background Background • Municipal Solid Waste in the United States Municipal Solid Waste in the United States • – Composition Composition – – Waste Disposal – Waste Disposal MSW Production and Disposal, 1960-2001 250 Million Tons Per Year 200 150 100 50 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year MSW Produced MSW Disposed
Waste Disposal in the U.S. Waste Disposal in the U.S. • Close to 210 Close to 210 • Combustion million tons of Recovery million tons of 14.7% 29.7% MSW per year MSW per year • Methods Methods • – Landfilling Landfilling – Landfilling – Incineration Incineration – 55.6% – Pyrolysis Pyrolysis – Recovery Landfilling Combustion – Recycling Recycling –
City Selection Selection • Cities Considered: Cities Considered: • – New York City, New York New York City, New York – – Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California – – Detroit, Michigan Detroit, Michigan – – Hilo, Hawaii Hilo, Hawaii – • Basis of Analysis Basis of Analysis • – Amount of MSW produced Amount of MSW produced – – Population and Population growth Population and Population growth – – Cost of current disposal method Cost of current disposal method –
Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Produced Produced • Total MSW Total MSW • Municipal Solid Waste Produced Generation Generation 50000 • Recycling Rates Recycling Rates • 45000 40000 • Waste Disposal Waste Disposal • 35000 M S W t o n s /d a y Methods Methods 30000 25000 – NYC NYC— —Transporting Transporting – 20000 MSW MSW 15000 – Detroit Detroit— —Incineration and Incineration and – 10000 Landfilling Landfilling 5000 – Hilo Hilo— —Transporting Transporting – 0 MSW and Landfilling New York City Los Angeles Detroit Hilo MSW and Landfilling City – Los Angeles Los Angeles— —Landfilling Landfilling –
Population Population Metropolitan Area of City • Metropolitan Area Metropolitan Area • Populations Populations 25 • NYC has largest NYC has largest • 20 P o p u la tio n (M illio n ) metropolitan metropolitan 15 population population 10 • Hilo has a Hilo has a • 5 population under a population under a million million 0 New York City Los Angeles Detroit Hilo City
Population Growth Population Growth • Hilo has the largest Hilo has the largest • Population Growth population growth but population growth but 20 very small population very small population 18 16 • New York also has New York also has • P e r c e n t G r o w th 14 12 large population large population 10 growth growth 8 6 • Detroit has smallest Detroit has smallest • 4 2 population growth population growth 0 New York City Los Angeles Detroit Hilo City
Price to Dispose of MSW Price to Dispose of MSW • Average Prices Average Prices • Price to Dispose of MSW • New York Fresh Kills New York Fresh Kills • 80 Landfill Closed— — Landfill Closed 70 Transporting Waste Out Transporting Waste Out 60 of State of State 50 P r ic e ($ ) • Cost of Incineration Cost of Incineration • 40 High High 30 • Hilo Running Out of Hilo Running Out of • 20 Space 10 Space 0 • West Coast Has More West Coast Has More • New York City Detroit Hilo Los Angeles City Space than East Cost Space than East Cost
Location Choice… … Location Choice • New York City: New York City: • – Price to Dispose of MSW: $63.30 Price to Dispose of MSW: $63.30 – – Population of Metropolitan Area: 22 million Population of Metropolitan Area: 22 million – – Amount of MSW in Metro: 46,000 tons/day Amount of MSW in Metro: 46,000 tons/day – – Landfilling in NYC Landfilling in NYC – • Prevention of landfilling in high density NYC • Prevention of landfilling in high density NYC • 9 private and 23 public landfills 9 private and 23 public landfills— —capacity of 60 capacity of 60 • million tons million tons • 17 companies with three year base contracts and 17 companies with three year base contracts and • two 1 year extensions two 1 year extensions
Disposal Methods Disposal Methods • Methods Considered Methods Considered • – Landfilling Landfilling – – Incineration Incineration – – Pyrolysis Pyrolysis – • Basis of Analysis Basis of Analysis • – Cost to build and operate Cost to build and operate – – Environmental Concerns Environmental Concerns – – Production of Products Production of Products –
Landfilling Landfilling • Advantages Advantages • – Small Capital Investment Small Capital Investment – – Little Maintenance – Little Maintenance – Cheaper Disposal Fees Cheaper Disposal Fees – • Disadvantages Disadvantages • – Environmental Pollution Environmental Pollution – • Methane Carbon Dioxide Methane Carbon Dioxide • • Leachate Leachate • – Property Decrease in Property Decrease in – Value Value Source: http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Landfills.htm
Incineration Incineration • Advantages Advantages • – Minimizes Landfill Minimizes Landfill – Volume Volume – Recovery of Energy Recovery of Energy – • Disadvantages Disadvantages • – High Building and High Building and – Operation Costs Operation Costs – Air Emissions Air Emissions – – Toxic Ash Toxic Ash – Source: http://www.meniscusclients.com/portfolio/cwa/tech_info.htm
Pyrolysis Pyrolysis • Advantages Advantages • – Minimizes Landfill Minimizes Landfill – Volume Volume – Recovery of Energy Recovery of Energy – – Production of Production of – Synthetic Gas Synthetic Gas • Disadvantages Disadvantages • – Air Emissions Air Emissions— — – – Leachate – Leachate – Slag Slag— —Landfilled or Landfilled or – used in road used in road foundations foundations
Method Choice… … Method Choice • Pyrolysis Pyrolysis • – Land Constraints in NYC Land Constraints in NYC – – Production of Syngas Production of Syngas – • Mixture of CO, CO • Mixture of CO, CO 2 2 and H and H 2 2 • Can lead to production of synthetic fuels, Can lead to production of synthetic fuels, • hydrogen, ammonia, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrogen, ammonia, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids carboxylic acids
Pyrolysis Process Pyrolysis Process • Why Separate Before Pyrolysis? Why Separate Before Pyrolysis? • – Enhance Profit / Reduce Costs Enhance Profit / Reduce Costs – • Sell Recyclable Metals; Low Heat Value Sell Recyclable Metals; Low Heat Value • • Reduce Wear and Tear on Equipment Reduce Wear and Tear on Equipment • • Easier Than Separation After Pyrolysis Easier Than Separation After Pyrolysis • – Control Refuse Properties Control Refuse Properties – • Slag Seals Refuse if Proper Proportions Slag Seals Refuse if Proper Proportions •
Front End Separation Front End Separation Purox Feed Energy 13.8x10 9 Btu/D Waste Energy 13.9x10 9 Btu/D
Purox Pyrolysis Facility Purox Pyrolysis Facility
Desulfurization Desulfurization
Wastewater Plant Wastewater Plant
Oxygen Plant Oxygen Plant
Oxygen Plant (cont.) Oxygen Plant (cont.) • Air Separation Air Separation • – 78.1% N 78.1% N 2 , 20.9% O 2 , 0.934% Ar, 0.035% CO 2 – 2 , 20.9% O 2 , 0.934% Ar, 0.035% CO 2 • 280 TPD O 280 TPD O 2 = 1 Purox Reactor • 2 = 1 Purox Reactor • Equipment: Compressor, Heat Equipment: Compressor, Heat • Exchanger, Distillation Columns Exchanger, Distillation Columns
Oxygen Plant (cont.) Oxygen Plant (cont.) • Purpose: Purpose: • – Eliminate Nitrous Oxides Eliminate Nitrous Oxides – • Environmental aspects Environmental aspects • – Increases concentration of reactants Increases concentration of reactants – – Raise reactor temperature to effectively Raise reactor temperature to effectively – destroy toxins destroy toxins
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