See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292134151 Mobile Maps - Modelling of Cartographic Presentation Article in Geoinformatica Polonica · July 2013 DOI: 10.2478/v10300-012-0004-3 CITATIONS READS 0 83 1 author: Dariusz Gotlib Warsaw University of Technology 38 PUBLICATIONS 73 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: GIS w Polsce View project The concept of buildings management system for Warsaw University of Technology View project All content following this page was uploaded by Dariusz Gotlib on 27 January 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
GEOINfORMATICA POLONICA 11: 2012 DOI 10.2478/v10300-012-0004-3 DARIUSZ GOTLIB 1 M�BiLe MAp� – M�DeLLinG �F cArt�GrAp�ic pre�entAti�n Key words: mobile cartography, mobile maps, mobile GIS, geovisualization, navigation applications, LBS Abstract The article focuses on the cartographic design aspects of mobile navigation and location applications. The relation - ship between the conceptual model of spatial data and the cartographic presentation model is discussed. An example of a formal description of cartographic presentation that uses the concepts: partial geocomposition, cartographic information transmission unit, cartographic event, geovisualization window and elementary geovisualization is presented. The paper shows potential benefjts of applying the proposed methodology, primarily the ability to create a description of cartographic presentation, which is independent of specifjc technologies used by the applications of different manufacturers. MAP� MOBILNE – MODELOWANIE PREZENTACJI KARTOGRAfICZNEJ �łowa kluczowe: kartografja mobilna, mapy mobilne, mobilny GIS, geowizualizacja, aplikacje nawigacyjne. LBS Abstrakt W artykule zwrócono uwag� na kartografjczne aspekty projektowania mobilnych aplikacji nawigacyjnych i lokalizacyjnych. Pokazano zale�no�ci pomi�dzy modelem poj�ciowym danych przestrzennych a modelem prezen - tacji kartografjcznej. Przedstawiono przykład formalnego opisu prezentacji kartografjcznej wykorzystującego poj�cia: geokompozycja składowa, jednostka przekazu kartografjcznego, zdarzenie kartografjczne, okno geowizualizacji, geowiz - ualizacja elementarna. Omówiono potencjalne korzy�ci wynikające ze stosowania omawianej metodyki, przede wszystkim mo�liwo�� tworzenia opisu (defjnicji) prezentacji kartografjcznych niezale�nego od konkretnych technologii poszczegól - nych producentów aplikacji. 1 Department of Cartography, faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology Unauthenticated Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM
38 DARIUSZ GOTLIB introduction model that enables the transmission of ordered information about objects in the context of their spatial location (which particularly allows for a proper interpretation of this loca - Many kinds of mobile applications, including tion and the relation between the objects) (Gotlib 2008). navigation and location applications (e.g. programs for Cartographic communication process may be realised by car navigation) have been in constant use for many years already. When they appeared it seemed suffjcient (both different kinds of media, also by using sound or video. for their users and manufactures) that they were able to It is not suffjcient to satisfy the condition of map movement in order to call a map a mobile one. A mo - approximately locate a mobile object within the area of bile map is a map used on a mobile device, adjusted to a town or country and to show its location in relation to optimum reading of its content on the move; it is a map an earlier designed trajectory. Cartographic aspects of the design process and usage of this kind of products were of reacting to changes of the user’s location and character - secondary importance. Nowadays navigation applications ised by a change of cartographic message in relation to this location and to conditions in which the observation carry out a great deal of important tasks, and the question is carried out. of their correct cartographic message has become crucial. What is worth noting is the diversity and high More and more data from many high quality sources, data of dynamic character, increasing functionality as well usability of navigation and location applications. They as an increasing range of devices of various technical require specifjc optimized cartographic communication. Each of the criteria presented in Table 1 infmuences the parameters extorts optimization of cartographic commu - way of developing cartographic presentation as well as nication. Simultaneously, users accustomed to precise po - the selection of suitable data models. sitioning pay more attention to aesthetic values and, fjrst of all, to the ease of use of this kind of products. In turn, A combination of the qualities specifjed above the ease of use depends very much on the correctness of in Table 1 allows us to distinguish several tens of vari - ous kinds of mobile applications. One can observe that cartographic communication, which begins to be more the applications listed for the criterion defjned as: “the and more widely discerned. method of representing reality” may operate in the mode The complexity of the defjnition of cartographic presentation is so great that it requires methodical and for - defjned as “No visualization” (5.3). The concept of car - mal developing. The fjrst works in Poland on that subject tographic communication should not be treated as related solely to geovizualization or a graphic picture in a form of were undertaken during the research conducted at War - a classic map. Many systems may work in the “no map” saw University of Technology and presented in publica - mode sending only a sound message or direction arrows. tions (Gotlib 2008, Gotlib 2009, Gotlib 2011). As a result, a methodology of mobile cartographic communication It does not change the fact that still it is cartographic modelling was suggested and its main assumptions will message. In the case of navigation systems, relaying geo - graphic information by means of sound is of particular be presented in the present paper. signifjcance. The way of selecting sounds, their substan - tive characteristics and the selection of places where they are played, belongs also to the fjeld of cartography, which Mobile maps is the science dealing with optimum communication of spatial information. Mobile maps make a fundamental element of On the other hand, there has been an increase in mobile navigation and location systems. The concept of user’s demands related to the quality and complexity of mobile maps covers a coherent set of digital spatial data cartographic visualization. Geovisualizations based on appropriately selected in the process of modelling and, the a perspective view have become widely available in car method of their cartographic presentation. navigation systems. The users expect, among other things, Cartographic presentation is a transmission of access to advanced 3D models and vector data combined information whose source is a map constituting a spatial Unauthenticated Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM
39 MOBILE MAPS – MODELLING Of CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION table 1. Different classifjcation criteria for navigation and location applications (according to Gotlib 2008) infmuenc - ing the way of constructing cartographic message tab. 1. różne kryteria klasyfjkacji aplikacji nawigacyjnych i lokalizacyjnych wg [1] wpływające na sposób kon - strukcji przekazu kartografjcznego. classifjcation criterion purpose and method of use 1.1. Navigation 1. The main function 1.2. Location 2.1. Outdoor 2. Place of use 2.2. Indoor 3.1. Car 3.2. Railway 3.3. Bicycle 3. Route type 3.4. Pedestrian 3.5. flying 3.6. Sailing 3.7. Mixed 4.1. Movement 4.2. Sport and tourism 4. User’s main goal 4.3. Entertainment 4.4. Safety 4.5. Surveing 5.1. Classic visualization 5. The method of representing reality 5.2. Augmented Reality 5.3. No visualization 6.1. On-line 6.2. Off-line with the possibility of exchanging date with 6. System architecture a server 6.3. Off-line 7.1. Professional 7. User’s type 7.2. Non-professional 8.1. Professional 8. Type of production 8.2. Consumer community with aerial photographs. Applications using “augmented Modeling of data and presentation reality” technologies 2 are being disseminated. These expectations of geoinformation market make it necessary Designing cartographic communication process is to further develop theory and practice in cartography. skilful modelling of data from different sources (selec - fig. 1 presents examples of cartographic visualiza - tion, combination, generalization) as well as modelling tions in selected navigation applications. of the cartographic presentation itself in order to ensure effective reading of spatial data by human senses. Carto - graphic communication modelling in mobile applications mainly applies to two aspects: 2 Augmented reality – methods and techniques – conceptual modelling of source data, where images of real world are combined with data from – modelling of geocomposition. database Unauthenticated Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM Download Date | 1/27/16 11:01 PM
Recommend
More recommend
