COGNITIVE HARDINESS AS MEDIATOR IN THE STRESS- REDUCING EFFECTS OF MARTIAL ARTS PRACTICE Presented by: Reinier Dave P. Zapanta, RPm De La Salle University
Title and Content Layout with List ▪ Martial Arts and Stress ▪ Cognitive Hardiness and Stress ▪ Cognitive Hardiness and Martial Arts ▪ Methodology ▪ Results ▪ Conclusion
Introduction ▪ In a general sense, the performance of physical activities or exercise helps promote the overall well-being of an individual (Anderson & Shivakumar, 2013; McWilliams & Asmundson, 2001; Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008) ▪ The pursuit of martial arts is largely a physical activity. ▪ While martial arts were developed for self-preservation, its practice has other benefits beyond its intended purpose.
Effects of Martial Arts Practice Length of Positive Outcomes Martial Arts -improved confidence Practice -quality of life - Anxiety - Stress Martial Arts practice Reiter (1975), Layton (1990), and Kurian et al. (1993) as cited by Binder (2007, p. 2) (Zhang, Layne, Lowder, & Liu, 2012; Martin, 2003; Columbus & Rice, 1998; Weiser & Kutz, 1995; as cited in Martin, 2002, p. 31-32; Jin, 1989; 1992, cited by Binder, 2007, p. 2).
Study on Company Managers ▪ Kobasa, Maddi, Puccetti, & Zola, 1986, (cited by Maddi, 2002) ▪ The following variables were compared in their stress-management effectiveness: hardiness, social support, and physical exercise. ▪ Hardiness plays a bigger role in decreasing the subsequent risk of illness compared to social support and physical exercise. ▪ It appears that there are other variables involved in the inverse relationship between stress-related elements and physical exercises such as martial arts practice ▪ While the previous studies focused on looking for direct relationships, there is limited literature that factors in personality styles as a mediating variable in the relationship between martial arts practice and perceived stress
Cognitive Hardiness ▪ is a construct proposed by Kobasa (1979a, 1979b) that is said to moderate between the stress-illness relationship. ▪ Hardiness, has been defined as “a person’s predisposition to be resistant to the harmful effects of stressors and effectively adapt and cope with a demanding environment” ▪ According to Maddi and Kobasa (1984), hardiness is a general quality that emerges from rich, varied, and rewarding childhood experiences. ▪ Maddi (2002) furthered the work on hardiness by demonstrating that it can be rooted in the works of existential psychologists, proposing that “…meaning is not given but rather is created through the decisions people make and implement” (p. 175)
Three “Cs” of Hardiness Challenge Commitment the ability to view stress or seen to be integral when stressful events as a normal considering how invested one is Control in events or people despite the occurrence and as opportunities level of stress they may emit to improve and grow an individual’s desire to (Maddi, 2006) (Maddi, 2006) affect an outcome despite its probably difficult nature (Maddi, 2006, p. 160). • Considering the three, one can see how high levels in hardiness may help an individual not only confront stress but also give them the capabilities to turn the stress into an advantage.
Hardiness was found to be… Negatively-related Positively-associated ▪ several stressors including life, ▪ self-esteem work, and interpersonal ▪ optimism stressors ▪ coworker conflict, supervisor ▪ extraversion conflict, work-family conflict ▪ sense of coherence ▪ task uncertainty ▪ self-efficacy ▪ role overload, role ambiguity, role conflict,
Hardiness and Martial Arts Practice Perceived stress Physical fitness Aerobic Trait anxiety hardiness capacity (Duester & Silverman, 2013). ▪ The combined effects of physical exercises such as martial arts and hardiness then mitigate the levels of perceived stress allows practitioners to commit to martial arts practice fitness Hardiness take control of the perceived stressors (personality style) stressors as challenges to overcome • Hardiness, therefore, could possibly act as a mediator in the stress-reducing effects of physical exercises such as martial arts practice.
Goal of the Study ▪ H1: The effects of martial arts practice in reducing perceived stress is a function of the cognitive hardiness of the individual Cognitive Hardiness Martial Arts Practice Decreased Perceived Stress
Method
Participants • 122 respondents, Arnis/ Kali or Eskrima with one response Taekwondo set being eliminated for being Wushu or Kung Fu a duplicate. Krav Maga • The final results 41% 47% martial arts not in choices accounted for 121 more than one martial arts participants (93 males, 28 females) 3% 3% 3% 3% In addition, previously unpublished data (N = 67) from a research about the cognitive hardiness and Filipino Martial Arts practitioners was utilized in the study as added data points.
Research Instruments ▪ Informed Consent ▪ Demographic Variable Form ▪ Cognitive Hardiness Scale – Taken from the Stress Assessment Profile, published by the Western Psychological Services, this is a 30- item questionnaire that indicates the Cognitive Hardiness of an individual. Each item is a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating that they strongly agree with the statement and 5 indicating that they strongly disagree with the given statement ▪ Perceived Stress Scale – a 10-question survey that allows respondents to self-report their feelings of stress in the last month. Developed by Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein (1983)
Data Analysis ▪ The mean and standard deviation were taken from the variables of interest ▪ To test the given hypotheses, mediation analysis using the Preacher and Hayes Bootstrapping method (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) was done using the Preacher and Hayes attachment package in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 2015). ▪ Years of martial arts practice were inputted as the independent variable, perceived stress scores were inputted as the dependent variable, and finally, cognitive hardiness scores were inputted as the mediator. ▪ The sample was bootstrapped 2000 times at 95% confidence interval.
Results
Multiple Regression ▪ Years martial arts practice is negatively associated with perceived stress (β = -0.19, t(119) = -2.5541, p = 0.019). ▪ Years of martial arts practice is positively associated with cognitive hardiness (β = 0.43, t(119) = 3.2556, p = 0.0015 ) (a-path) ▪ Cognitive hardiness is negatively associated with perceived stress (β = -0.37, t(119) = -9.6397, p = 0.000) (b-path) ▪ Because both a-path and b-path were significant, mediation analyses were tested using the bootstrapping method with bias-corrected confidence estimates (Preacher & Hayes, 2004)
Mediation Analysis ▪ Resulting mediation analysis indicates a mediating role of cognitive hardiness in the relationship between years of martial arts practice and perceived stress (β = -0.16, CI = -0.2508 to -0.0691). ▪ Additionally, results indicate that the direct effect of martial arts practice on perceived stress has become non-significant when controlling for cognitive hardiness (β = -0.029, t(119) = -0.5017, p = 0.6168), suggesting a mediator role of cognitive hardiness
Mediation Results Note: *p<.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
Descriptive Statistics Demographic Variable Mean Standard Deviation Age 30.43 9.53 1. Years of Martial Arts 8.70 9.53 Practice (MA) 2. Cognitive Hardiness 105.11 14.34 Score (CH) 3. Perceived Stress Score 16.55 7.96 (PS)
Discussion
Results ▪ The length of martial arts practice shows a significant negative relationship with perceived stress. – agree with previously existing literature that martial arts can reduce stress or stress-related outcomes (Zhang, Charles Layne, Thomas Lowder, and Jian Liu, 2012; Martin, 2003; Columbus & Rice, 1998; Weiser & Kutz, 1995; cited in Martin, 2002, p. 31-32; Jin,1989; 1992; Reiter,1975; Layton,1990; and Kurian et al.,1993, cited in Binder, 2007 p. 2) ▪ The length of martial arts practice was also shown to have a significant positive relationship with cognitive hardiness – consistent with the findings of Duester and Silverman (2013) that suggests physical fitness is positively related to hardiness.
Results ▪ However, when both martial arts practice and hardiness levels are factored in the analysis, only hardiness appears to have a significant negative impact on levels of perceived stress. – suggests that it is the personality style of cognitive hardiness, not just the length of martial arts practice that allows individuals to buffer the effects of stressful situations. – supports the caution given by Binder (2007), suggesting that increased positive traits found in long-time martial arts practitioners may have been the results of individuals with negative traits quitting martial arts practice earlier
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