Slide 1 / 78 Slide 2 / 78 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Large Biological used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its Molecules website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course Practice Questions materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 78 Slide 4 / 78 1 Organic life forms must contain atoms of which 2 What characteristic of carbon atoms makes it a element? good element to create complex organic molecules? Slide 5 / 78 Slide 6 / 78 3 What abilities of an atom do its valence electrons 4 Suppose carbon had 3 valence electrons instead determine? of the 4. How would this change the bonding characteristics of an atom of carbon?
Slide 7 / 78 Slide 8 / 78 5 Neon, atomic number 10, is considered an inert 6 Compare the valence levels of the noble gases gas, because it will not react with atoms of other with that of carbon. What qualities of these elements. Briefly compare and contrast neon and elements are determined by the valence levels? carbon. Slide 9 / 78 Slide 10 / 78 7 Why do double bonds not exist in a saturated 8 Suppose, theoretically, that the bonds that formed hydrocarbon? hydrocarbons were polar in nature. How would this affect the interaction between oil and water? Homework Slide 11 / 78 Slide 12 / 78 9 Briefly explain the importance of the number of 10 Knowing what you now know about the qualities carbon’s valence electrons. and characteristics of carbon, briefly explain why, in science fiction movies, scientists search for “carbon based lifeforms” on other planets.
Slide 13 / 78 Slide 14 / 78 11 An atom of carbon readily bonds with hydrogen 12 What is the difference between a saturated and an atoms, to form molecules called ‘hydrocarbons.’ unsaturated hydrocarbon? Knowing what you know about chemical bonds, explain why and how carbon would bond with these hydrogen atoms. Slide 15 / 78 Slide 16 / 78 13 What component of an unsaturated hydrocarbon 14 Is it possible to add new atoms to an unsaturated creates the ‘bend’ in the compound? hydrocarbon? Explain what would need to occur in order for this to take place. Slide 17 / 78 Slide 18 / 78 15 Explain, in terms of polarity, why oil (a 16 Imagine you are working in a lab to determine the hydrocarbon) floats on water. nature of an unknown type of polymer. Through your experimentation, you denature (break down) the polymer into monomers, which happen to be amino acids. Under which group of organic polymers would you categorize your polymer? Why did you choose this group? Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides Classwork
Slide 19 / 78 Slide 20 / 78 17 Monosaccharides would be considered 18 Explain how carbohydrates are structured in a monomers of what more complex polymer 1:2:1 ratio. Which atom does each number in this group? ratio represent? Slide 21 / 78 Slide 22 / 78 19 If a carbohydrate molecule contains 10 oxygen 20 Why are sugars soluble in water? atoms, how many carbon atoms does it contain? How many hydrogen atoms does it contain? Slide 23 / 78 Slide 24 / 78 21 What are three roles for which monosaccharides 22 Label the components of the following reaction as are commonly used in biological function? either monosaccharides or disaccharides. Glucose + Fructose ( Sucrose + H2O
Slide 25 / 78 Slide 26 / 78 23 The basic chemical equation in question #22 is an 24 Contrast the role of glycogen in humans to the example of what kind of a reaction? role of cellulose in plants. Homework Slide 27 / 78 Slide 28 / 78 25 Polysaccharides can be broken down into which 26 If a carbohydrate molecule contains 32 hydrogen specific monosaccharide? atoms, how many carbon atoms does it contain? Slide 29 / 78 Slide 30 / 78 27 In the carbohydrate represented by the following 28 Compare the role of starch in plants to the role of formula, replace the question mark with a viable glycogen in animals. coefficient and variable: CxH?Ox
Slide 31 / 78 Slide 32 / 78 29 Starch and cellulose are both polysaccaharides 30 Related to question #29, how is the function of the found in plants. How is the function of each polysaccharides starch and cellulose related to different? their individual structures? Slide 33 / 78 Slide 34 / 78 31 Why do humans not consume cellulose to obtain 32 Why do athletes commonly “carbo-load” energy? (consume a great deal of carbohydrates) prior to a physically strenuous activity? How is this related to the functionality of polysaccharides? Slide 35 / 78 Slide 36 / 78 33 Would you rather consume a meal of celery or 34 Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide. potatoes the night before a marathon? Defend your answer, being sure to include what you know about the different types of carbohydrates in your response. Nucleic Acids Classwork
Slide 37 / 78 Slide 38 / 78 35 If a nucleotide is composed of a 5-carbon sugar, 36 What role does the base sequence of a series of how many hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms bonded nucleotides provide for an organism? does this sugar also contain? Slide 39 / 78 Slide 40 / 78 37 Explain how RNA and DNA work like a tag team in 38 Which quality of a nitrogen base would you the cell in order to complete the task of storing investigate by determining the number of rings and expressing genetic information. present in its structure? Homework Slide 41 / 78 Slide 42 / 78 39 What characteristic possessed by RNA exists 40 If adenine always pairs with thymine (or uracil) largely because it is a single stranded molecule, and cytosine always pairs with guanine, construct and makes it similar to proteins? a general statement involving purines and pyrimidines to describe base pairing rules in DNA.
Slide 43 / 78 Slide 44 / 78 41 What is the appropriate scientific term for the 42 Explain why DNA needs the presence of RNA for it shape of a DNA molecule? to be a functional molecule. Slide 45 / 78 Slide 46 / 78 43 Suppose you discover a new type of virus. Your 44 Briefly explain why proteins, carbohydrates and research indicates that the molecular chemistry of nucleic acids are considered biomolecular the virus includes the nitrogen base uracil, but not polymers. thymine. Which nucleic acid does your research support is utilized by this virus? Why did you come to this conclusion? Amino Acids, Proteins Classwork Slide 47 / 78 Slide 48 / 78 45 Which of the three components of an amino acid 46 Amino acids each have an H atom on one and an is most comparable in functionality to the OH group on the other end. What type of reaction nitrogen base of a nucleotide? do you think could be used to effectively join two amino acids together? What is the product of this reaction?
Slide 49 / 78 Slide 50 / 78 47 Of the three major components of each amino 48 Suppose you took two amino acids, valine and acid (Carboxyl Group, Amine, R Group Side tyrosine, and switched their R-group side chain Chain), which would you use to distinguish components. Would this change the identity and between two different amino acids? Why would function of the amino acids? Why or why not? you choose this particular component? Slide 51 / 78 Slide 52 / 78 49 What is the correct hierarchy of protein structure 50 Briefly explain the importance of having the levels? accurate primary structure for appropriate protein function. Slide 53 / 78 Slide 54 / 78 51 The alpha helix shape and pleated sheet 52 What are two ways in which you could denature a formation refer to which level of protein protein? organizational structure?
Slide 55 / 78 Slide 56 / 78 53 Pick two classes of proteins and match them with 54 Amino acids are to Proteins as Bricks are to a their specific function. Wall. Briefly explain why this analogy works. Homework Slide 57 / 78 Slide 58 / 78 55 Compare the role of glucose in polysaccharide 56 Explain the role that dehydration synthesis plays formation to that of amino acids in the formation in creating a peptide bond. of proteins. Slide 59 / 78 Slide 60 / 78 57 If you were to swap the carboxyl groups of proline 58 Explain how the R-Group side chain is like an and lysine (two amino acids), how would this identification card for each amino acid. impact the structure and function of each amino acid?
Slide 61 / 78 Slide 62 / 78 59 Explain how a mutation that affects the primary 60 If you were a biomolecular biologist studying the structure of a protein would change the polymer. tertiary structure of various proteins, which specific part of each amino acid would you focus on? Defend your answer. Slide 63 / 78 Slide 64 / 78 61 Explain how the change of shape of a protein can 62 Why would denaturing a protein affect its ability affect its ability to complete a task in the body. to function properly? Slide 65 / 78 Slide 66 / 78 63 Which level of protein organization involves 64 Which class of proteins would a fortifying interaction between multiple polypeptide chains? shampoo most likely include? Lipids Classwork
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