Slide 1 / 140 Slide 2 / 140 Biology Large Biological Molecules 2015-08-28 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 140 Slide 4 / 140 Vocabulary Large Biological Molecules Unit Topics amino acid monosaccharide secondary structure Click on the topic to go to that section amphiphilic nucleic acid starch · Organic Chemistry, Hydrocarbons carbohydrate nucleotide steroid · Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides cellulose peptide bond sucrose · Nucleic Acids phosphodiester bond denaturation tertiary structure · Amino Acids, Proteins disaccharide polysaccharide trans fat · Lipids DNA primary structure triglyceride · Review fatty acid protein unsaturated fructose purine waxes glucose pyrimidine glycogen quaternary structure hydrocarbon RNA lipid saturated Slide 5 / 140 Slide 6 / 140 Organic Chemistry, Carbon Hydrocarbons Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains, enabling the creation of large molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 140 Slide 8 / 140 Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones. Organic compounds contain: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by Always Often Occasionally bonding to four other atoms which are in H N S different directions. C O This allows the molecule to take on a 3D configuration. It is this P 3D structure that defines the molecule's function. Si Halogens Slide 9 / 140 Slide 10 / 140 Electron Configuration 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of _____. Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds. A functional groups. carbon compounds. B You should remember from chemistry, electron configuration is the key to an C water and its interaction with other kinds of atom’s characteristics. molecules. inorganic compounds. Electron configuration determines D the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms. Slide 10 (Answer) / 140 Slide 11 / 140 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility of _____. with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? A functional groups. A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. carbon compounds. B B Carbon has a valence of 4. Answer C water and its interaction with other kinds of B C Carbon forms ionic bonds. molecules. D A and C only. inorganic compounds. D E A, B, and C. [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 11 (Answer) / 140 Slide 12 / 140 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility 3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form? with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? A ionic B hydrogen A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. C covalent B Carbon has a valence of 4. D A and B only Answer C Carbon forms ionic bonds. B E A, B and C D A and C only. E A, B, and C. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 12 (Answer) / 140 Slide 13 / 140 3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form? 4 How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? A ionic B hydrogen C covalent Answer D A and B only C E A, B and C [This object is a pull tab] Slide 13 (Answer) / 140 Slide 14 / 140 4 How many electron pairs does carbon share to 5 Which of the following is an organic compound? complete its valence shell? H 2 O A NaCl B C 6 H 12 O 6 C Answer O 2 D 4 [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 14 (Answer) / 140 Slide 15 / 140 Hydrocarbons 5 Which of the following is an organic compound? H 2 O A These molecules consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. NaCl B C 6 H 12 O 6 C Each carbon atom makes 4 bonds. Each Answer hydrogen atom makes 1 bond. Carbon- O 2 D C hydrogen bonds are non-polar, so those bonds are hydrophobic. Fossil fuels are examples of hydrocarbons that are formed from decaying organic matter. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 16 / 140 Slide 17 / 140 Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons In unsaturated hydrocarbons: In saturated hydrocarbons: H H H · some of the carbon-carbon · every carbon atom is bonded bonds are double or triple bonds H C C C C to four different atoms H H H · no new atoms can be added H · those can be broken and along the chain replaced with a single bond double bond · at that point, additional atom(s) can be added Slide 18 / 140 Slide 18 (Answer) / 140 6 Hydrocarbons _____. 6 Hydrocarbons _____. A are polar A are polar B are held together by ionic bonds B are held together by ionic bonds C contain nitrogen C contain nitrogen D contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms D contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms Answer D [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 19 / 140 Slide 19 (Answer) / 140 7 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble 7 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? in water? The majority of their bonds are polar covalent The majority of their bonds are polar covalent A A carbon to hydrogen linkages carbon to hydrogen linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent B B carbon to hydrogen linkages carbon to hydrogen linkages Answer C They are hydrophilic C They are hydrophilic B D They are lighter than water D They are lighter than water [This object is a pull tab] Slide 20 / 140 Slide 20 (Answer) / 140 8 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between 8 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called __________. the carbon atoms are called __________. A saturated A saturated B polar B polar Answer C non-polar C non-polar A D unsaturated D unsaturated [This object is a pull tab] Slide 21 / 140 Slide 21 (Answer) / 140 9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds 9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms are called between some of the carbon atoms are called __________. __________. A saturated A saturated Answer D B polar B polar C non-polar C non-polar D unsaturated D unsaturated [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 22 / 140 Slide 22 (Answer) / 140 10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is 10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is __________. __________. A less dense than water A less dense than water B non-polar and water is polar B non-polar and water is polar C volatile and water is not C volatile and water is not Answer B D polar and water is non-polar D polar and water is non-polar [This object is a pull tab] Slide 23 / 140 Slide 24 / 140 Polymers Biological Macromolecules Three of the classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Although organisms Hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different share the same limited number of monomer types, each organism classes of macromolecules (large molecules) have been is unique based on the arrangement of how their monomers are derived. We have mentioned these 4 types of molecules before . List them below. used to make polymers. An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of · _____________ monomers. Polymer : Monomer they're made from: · _____________ Proteins Amino acids · _____________ Simple sugars Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) · _____________ Nucleic acids Nucleotides (See the first slide in this chapter for a hint) Slide 25 / 140 Slide 26 / 140 11 ____________ are to carbohydrates as ___________ Review: Dehydration Synthesis are to proteins. A nucleic acids; amino acids short polymer monomer B monosaccharides; amino acids H OH C amino acids; nucleic acids D monosaccharides; nucleic acids H OH water longer polymer
Slide 26 (Answer) / 140 Slide 27 / 140 11 ____________ are to carbohydrates as ___________ 12 Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to are to proteins. form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a dehydration synthesis reaction? A nucleic acids; amino acids A C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O B monosaccharides; amino acids Answer B C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 --> C 6 H 12 O 6 C amino acids; nucleic acids B C C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 D monosaccharides; nucleic acids D C 3 H 6 O 3 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 4 [This object is a pull tab] Slide 27 (Answer) / 140 Slide 28 / 140 Carbohydrates, 12 Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a Polysaccharides dehydration synthesis reaction? A C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O B C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 --> C 6 H 12 O 6 Answer C C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 A D C 3 H 6 O 3 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 4 [This object is a pull tab] Return to Table of Contents Slide 29 / 140 Slide 30 / 140 Formula for Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds consisting of Carbohydrates have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. atoms, but twice as many hydrogen atoms. The general formula for a carbohydrate is Simple carbohydrates also called C x H 2x O x sugars also called So some possible formulas for carbohydrates are: saccharides. C 9 H 18 O 9 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 8 H 16 O 8
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