Slide 1 / 140 Slide 2 / 140 Biology Large Biological Molecules 2015-08-28 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 140 Slide 4 / 140 Vocabulary Large Biological Molecules Unit Topics amino acid monosaccharide secondary structure Click on the topic to go to that section amphiphilic nucleic acid starch · Organic Chemistry, Hydrocarbons carbohydrate nucleotide steroid · Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides cellulose peptide bond sucrose · Nucleic Acids phosphodiester bond denaturation tertiary structure · Amino Acids, Proteins disaccharide polysaccharide trans fat · Lipids DNA primary structure triglyceride · Review fatty acid protein unsaturated fructose purine waxes glucose pyrimidine glycogen quaternary structure hydrocarbon RNA lipid saturated Slide 5 / 140 Slide 6 / 140 Organic Chemistry, Carbon Hydrocarbons Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains, enabling the creation of large molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 140 Slide 8 / 140 Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones. Organic compounds contain: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by Always Often Occasionally bonding to four other atoms which are in H N S different directions. C O This allows the molecule to take on a 3D configuration. It is this P 3D structure that defines the molecule's function. Si Halogens Slide 9 / 140 Slide 10 / 140 Electron Configuration 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of _____. Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds. A functional groups. carbon compounds. B You should remember from chemistry, electron configuration is the key to an C water and its interaction with other kinds of atom’s characteristics. molecules. inorganic compounds. Electron configuration determines D the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms. Slide 11 / 140 Slide 12 / 140 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility 3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form? with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? A ionic B hydrogen A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. C covalent B Carbon has a valence of 4. D A and B only C Carbon forms ionic bonds. E A, B and C D A and C only. E A, B, and C.
Slide 13 / 140 Slide 14 / 140 4 How many electron pairs does carbon share to 5 Which of the following is an organic compound? complete its valence shell? H 2 O A NaCl B C 6 H 12 O 6 C O 2 D Slide 15 / 140 Slide 16 / 140 Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons These molecules consist of only carbon and In saturated hydrocarbons: hydrogen atoms. · every carbon atom is bonded Each carbon atom makes 4 bonds. Each to four different atoms hydrogen atom makes 1 bond. Carbon- · no new atoms can be added hydrogen bonds are non-polar, so those along the chain bonds are hydrophobic. Fossil fuels are examples of hydrocarbons that are formed from decaying organic matter. Slide 17 / 140 Slide 18 / 140 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 6 Hydrocarbons _____. A are polar In unsaturated hydrocarbons: B are held together by ionic bonds H H H · some of the carbon-carbon C contain nitrogen H C C C C bonds are double or triple bonds D contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms H H H H · those can be broken and replaced with a single bond double bond · at that point, additional atom(s) can be added
Slide 19 / 140 Slide 20 / 140 7 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble 8 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between in water? the carbon atoms are called __________. The majority of their bonds are polar covalent A A saturated carbon to hydrogen linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent B polar B carbon to hydrogen linkages C non-polar C They are hydrophilic D unsaturated D They are lighter than water Slide 21 / 140 Slide 22 / 140 9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds 10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is __________. between some of the carbon atoms are called __________. A less dense than water B non-polar and water is polar A saturated C volatile and water is not B polar D polar and water is non-polar C non-polar D unsaturated Slide 23 / 140 Slide 24 / 140 Polymers Biological Macromolecules Three of the classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Although organisms Hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different share the same limited number of monomer types, each organism classes of macromolecules (large molecules) have been derived. We have mentioned these 4 types of molecules before . is unique based on the arrangement of how their monomers are List them below. used to make polymers. An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of · _____________ monomers. Polymer : Monomer they're made from: · _____________ Proteins Amino acids · _____________ Simple sugars Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) · _____________ Nucleic acids Nucleotides (See the first slide in this chapter for a hint)
Slide 25 / 140 Slide 26 / 140 11 ____________ are to carbohydrates as ___________ Review: Dehydration Synthesis are to proteins. A nucleic acids; amino acids monomer short polymer B monosaccharides; amino acids OH H C amino acids; nucleic acids D monosaccharides; nucleic acids H OH water longer polymer Slide 27 / 140 Slide 28 / 140 Carbohydrates, 12 Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a Polysaccharides dehydration synthesis reaction? A C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O B C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 --> C 6 H 12 O 6 C C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 3 + C 3 H 6 O 3 D C 3 H 6 O 3 + H 2 O --> C 3 H 6 O 4 Return to Table of Contents Slide 29 / 140 Slide 30 / 140 Formula for Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds consisting of Carbohydrates have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. atoms, but twice as many hydrogen atoms. The general formula for a carbohydrate is Simple carbohydrates also called C x H 2x O x sugars also called So some possible formulas for carbohydrates are: saccharides. C 9 H 18 O 9 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 8 H 16 O 8
Slide 31 / 140 Slide 32 / 140 13 14 In the carbohydrate described by the formula In the carbohydrate described by the formula C 8 H x O 8 C x H 14 O x x = ? x = ? Slide 33 / 140 Slide 34 / 140 Carbohydrates 15 In the carbohydrate described by the formula C x H 6 O x Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are the monomers that are used to build more complex carbohydrates. The most common of these are glucose and x = ? fructose. Disaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides. Table sugar, (sucrose) is made up of glucose and fructose. Polysaccharides are formed by combining chains of many monosaccharides. Slide 35 / 140 Slide 36 / 140 Monosaccharides Carbohydrate Solubility Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars. Examples include C glucose and fructose Sugars all have several hydroxyl (OH - ) groups in In solution, they form ring-shaped molecules. their structure that makes them soluble in water. The basic roles of simple sugars are as: · fuel to do work, · the raw materials for carbon backbones · the monomers from which larger Glucose Fructose carbohydrates are synthesized. (monosaccharides) Note: the names of sugars typically end in "ose"
Slide 37 / 140 Slide 38 / 140 Carbohydrate Structures Disaccharides In solution, sugars form cyclic structures. Cells link 2 simple sugars together to form disaccharides Disaccharide formation is another example of a These can form chains of sugars. dehydration synthesis reaction. The most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose + fructose) What other molecule is produced when sucrose is formed? Slide 39 / 140 Slide 40 / 140 16 Which of the following is an example of a 17 Disaccharides are formed by combining how many monosaccharide? monosaccharides? A sucrose A 2 B glucose B 3 C fructose C 4 D B & C D 5 Slide 41 / 140 Slide 42 / 140 Polysaccharides 18 What is another name for a simple carbohydrates? A sugars Polysaccharides are polymers of glucose. B saccharides C monosaccharides Different organisms link monosaccharides together, using dehydration reactions, to form several different polysaccharides. D all of the above The most important 3 are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
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