Automation is in the Eye of the Automation is in the Eye of the Automation is in the Eye of the Automation is in the Eye of the Beholder: How it Might be Beholder: How it Might be Beholder: How it Might be Beholder: How it Might be Viewed by the Traffic Engineer Viewed by the Traffic Engineer Viewed by the Traffic Engineer Viewed by the Traffic Engineer ITE and ITSA Luncheon, Oakland, March 20, 2014 Jim Misener, jmisener@gmail.com 415.335.9252
Agenda • Connected Vehicles • Dedicated Short Range Communications and Steps to Deployment • Making it Local: Prospect Silicon Valley (San Jose) • Implications • Automation: Self-Driving, Autonomous, Connected? • Hyperbole • Definitions • Challenges • Transformative Impacts • Implications (Summary)
Connected Vehicles Connected Vehicles Connected Vehicles Connected Vehicles
Dedicated Short Range Communications Dedicated Short Range Communications Dedicated Short Range Communications Dedicated Short Range Communications A Very Quick Tour • DSRC V2V Use Cases • DSRC was designed for the 5.9GHz ITS band V2V Use Cases Address 82% Crash Types – Licensed under FCC Part 90 and 95 • Emergency Electronic Brake Lights (EEBL) • Forward Collision Warning (FCW) – Defined in 802.11p • Blind Spot Warning/Lane Change Warning – Standardized application layer (BSW/LCW) messages (SAE) • Do Not Pass Warning (DNPW) • DSRC V2I Use Cases • Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) – Safety • Left Turn Assist (LTA). • Intersections • Curve Overspeed – Mobility – Environment See Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program, RFI (12 March) + USDOT Connected Vehicle Affiliated Testbeds
North San Jose Innovation Corridor North San Jose Innovation Corridor Proving Ground for Advanced Proving Ground for Advanced Transportation Systems Transportation Systems • 501(c)3 Nonprofit Corporation • Accelerating Pre-Commercial Clean/Smart Technology • Partnership with the City of San Jose • Operator of $12 Million San Jose Technology Demonstration Center • Developing “living lab” infrastructure for technology RDD&D A multi-mile network of combined auto/rail streets provides a unique setting for • traffic analytics, • connected vehicle communications, vehicle-signal interactive controls, • and other innovations addressing congestion and safety in transportation systems.
North San Jose Innovation Corridor North San Jose Innovation Corridor Proving Ground for Advanced Transportation Systems Proving Ground for Advanced Transportation Systems Road Road/Rail Bus Stop Train Stn
Sequence: Sequence: Sequence: Sequence: DSRC Rulemaking through Deployment DSRC Rulemaking through Deployment DSRC Rulemaking through Deployment DSRC Rulemaking through Deployment Key Government Decisions Post-Decision Activities 1. February, 2013: Research that leads to • Execute test plan for spectrum sharing NHTSA “mandate” by end of Obama • Research Questions Administration 1. Applications Performance Requirements (to standards) We are here… 2. Certification 2. 2014: Commercial heavy vehicle decision 3. Security Framework 4. Vehicle-Only or Vehicle + Aftermarket 3. 2015: Federal Highway Administration Devices provides “guidance” to State and local road • Perhaps 2 – 4 year timeline for owner and operators production vehicles • 10 – 20 M vehicles/year
Implications Implications Implications Implications • Transition from legacy systems (good and bad) • Capital: new signal controllers • Maintenance and Operations: technology, training • New Operational Concepts: More data, ability to control at smaller time intervals and smaller areas • Revenue? • Data and liability • Cyber security: scalable, updatable, security credential management system • Privacy, trackability, enforcement considerations abound • Data ownership • Liability? • Testing, certification, licensing • Business models?
Automation Automation Automation Automation Self-Driving? Autonomous? Connected?
There are Optimistic Timelines… There are Optimistic Timelines… There are Optimistic Timelines… There are Optimistic Timelines… …probably based on different definitions of “self driving cars” • From Volkswagen (Arne Bartels), Challenges and Opportunities of Road Vehicle Automation , Stanford CA July 15 – 19, 2013 • 10
Increasing Level of Automation � � � � Increasing Level of Automation Increasing Level of Automation Increasing Level of Automation Increasing Benefits Increasing Benefits Increasing Benefits Increasing Benefits Societal Benefits • Improved Full Self- Limited • Greatly Combined safety Driving improved Self-Driving Function • Congestion (SAE Level (NHTSA safety (NHTSA and fuel 5) Level 4) • Significant Level 3) efficiency • Improved safety environ- benefits still (not all roads) mental conjectural benefits • Congestion and fuel � � Shared � � efficiency benefits • Radical use vehicles are conjecture design or (latent demand) changes: “transporta- lightweight tion as vehicles, service” different would lead road types to change Individual Benefits - Increased comfort, convenience, safety and accessibility 11
NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation We are already part way NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation there… Primary Example sensing needed (applicable Steering and Road NHTSA responsibility systems) SAE name Narrative definition level throttle controlled environment SAE level and fallback by… monitored by… system is… Full-time Forward Obstacle Detection (Forward Collision performance by the Warning) human driver of all Lane/Road Detection (Lane Departure Warning) aspects of the dynamic driving Intersection Obstacle Detection (Collision No task , even when 1 0 Driver Driver Driver Warning) Automation enhanced by warning or Blind Spot Warning (Enabler) intervention systems Sign Detection (Enabler) Headlight Control Current systems Driving mode - specific execution aimed at vehicle by a driver Forward Obstacle Detection (Forward Collision assistance system Avoidance) safety comprise of either steering or acceleration/deceler Lane/Road Detection (Lane Keeping) Level 0 (no) or ation using Intersection Obstacle Detection (Collision Driver information about Driver and ADAS 2 1 Driver Driver Avoidance) Assistance the driving System Level 1 (single environment and Blind Spot Warning (Enabler) with the expectation function) that the human Sign Detection (Enabler) driver perform all Headlight Control automation. remaining aspects of the dynamic driving task 12
The Peloton System � Individual Truck Safety - Radar + Automatic braking � Driver Assistive Platooning - Next level of cruise control - Fuel Savings from aerodynamics - Enhance driver awareness -- video link � Platooning Network Operations Center - Coordination of linking opportunities - Trucks can only link when it is safe � Safe road, traffic, weather � Safe driver and truck systems � Safe truck pairing/ordering (relative weights & braking ability)
There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… Primary NHTSA responsibility and Steering and throttle Road environment level SAE name Narrative definition SAE level fallback system is… controlled by… monitored by… Driving mode -specific execution by one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and acceleration/deceleration using information about the driving environment and with the Partial expectation that the human 2 System Driver Driver Automation driver perform all remaining aspects of the dynamic driving 2 task Level 2 automation available today (example: Mercedes S Class). These features will move to the mass market Driving mode -specific performance by an automated within a few years. driving system of all aspects of the dynamic driving task with the expectation that the human Conditional 3 3 System System Driver driver will respond Automation appropriately to a request to intervene 14
There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… There is still a long way to go… Level 4 (example: “Google automation”) is Primary conjectured to be available responsibility NHTSA Steering and throttle Road environment and fallback SAE name Narrative definition level 2020 by some…and in over SAE controlled by… monitored by… level system is… 15 years by others. Issues Driving mode - Performance by an are profound: automated driving system of all aspects of the • The “Human Problem” High dynamic driving task , 4 4 System System System Automation even if a human driver Transition of control does not respond appropriately to a request (black line) to human to intervene driver and system Full-time performance by an automated driving system of all aspects of reliability are big the dynamic driving task Full questions. under all roadway and 5 System System System Automation environmental conditions • The “Robot Problem” that can be managed by a human driver SAE Level 5 obviates this difficult problem but brings in new issues of extremely high reliability. 15
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