24 th International Symposium on Military Operational Research Bishop Waltham, Hampshire, United Kingdom 29 August 2007 Dr. Paul West Department of Systems Engineering United States Military Academy West Point, New York
By the afternoon of 2 July 1863, Union forces of the 20 th Maine Volunteer Regiment were out of both ammunition and time. It was imperative to strike before we were struck by this overwhelming force in a hand-to-hand fight, which we could not probably have withstood or survived. At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough. It ran like fire along the line, from man to man, and rose into a shout, with which they sprang forward upon the enemy, now not 30 yards away. From Chamberlain’s official report: O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XXVII/1 [S# 43]
Earlier that day, a Confederate soldier attacking the hill had an unexpected experience that may have changed the course of the war. I got a safe place between two rocks, and drew bead fair and square on you. You were standing in the open behind the center of your line, full exposed. I knew your rank by your uniform and your actions, and I thought it a mighty good thing to put you out of the way. I rested my gun on the rock and took steady aim. I started to pull the trigger, but some queer notion stopped me. Then I got ashamed of my weakness and went through the same motions again. I had you, perfectly certain. But that same queer something shut right down on me. I couldn’t pull the trigger, and, gave it up – that is, your life. I am glad of it now, and hope you are. Confederate soldier of the 15 th Alabama Regiment, in a letter to Chamberlain after the war.
On 14 April, U.S. Marine Corporal Jason Dunham led a patrol in Karabilah, Iraq. He would become the first recipient of the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War As Corporal Dunham and his Marines advanced, they quickly began to receive enemy fire. As they approached the vehicles, an insurgent leaped out and attacked Corporal Dunham. Corporal Dunham wrestled the insurgent to the ground and in the ensuing struggle saw the insurgent release a grenade. Corporal Dunham covered the grenade with his helmet and body, bearing the brunt of the explosion and shielding his Marines from the blast. From the Medal of Honor citation
� No two real people are exactly alike � Every computer-generated person in combat simulations is exactly alike � Militaries are using these simulations to: � Train soldiers � Assess doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures � Assess weapon and other materiel scenarios
� Link personality to specific traits � Link behaviors to personality � Map personality/behaviors through a model � Develop a model/simulation interface � Modify synthetic human personalities � Assess model effects on simulation output � Analyze and refine the model
� Originated in the 1970s as the Neuroticism- Extraversion-Openness Inventory (NEO-I) � Expanded to include Agreeableness and Conscientiousness � Focuses on five major element, each with 6 sub-elements
Neuroticism Extraversion N1 Worry E1 Warmth Low Score N2 Anger E2 Gregariousness Enjoys = being social N3 Discouragement E3 Assertiveness Emotionally and being in N4 Self-Consciousness E4 Activity relaxed and large N5 Impulsiveness E5 Excitement-Seeking stable groups N6 Vulnerability E6 Positive Emotions Openness Agreeableness Curious, O1 Fantasy A1 Trust with O2 Aesthetics A2 Straightforwardness tendency to Addresses O3 Feelings A3 Altruism entertain interperson O4 Actions A4 Compliance novel and al needs O5 Ideas A5 Modesty un- O6 Values A6 Tender-Mindedness conventiona l ideas Conscientiousness Resists C1 Competence impulses. C2 Order High score C3 Dutifulness = C4 Achievement-Striving Purposeful, C5 Self-Discipline determined, C6 Deliberation punctual, reliable
INFANTRY WARRIOR SIMULATION � Constructive, force-on-force soldier simulation � Developed by the Natick Soldier RD&E Center and the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Agency � Agent-based behaviors � Physiology-focused (biometrics)
Skill DESCRIPTION Category SKILL Shoot Change Facing Direction Change Facing Change facing direction of entity Change Field Regard Direction Change Field of Change sensor scanning fan Wait Regard Change Posture Change to prone, crouching or standing Change Posture Change Visual Sensor position Reload Change Visual Change visual sensor used Seek Cover Sensor Select Weapon Communicate Determines how entity sends/receives messages Follow in Gives entity to follow unit leader in given Move Change Facing Direction formation Change Field Regard Formation Light Flare Tells entity to light a flare Wait Move Tells the entity to change its current position Change Posture Change Visual Sensor Reload Tells entity to reload its weapon Remove Message Command takes away message from entities Follow in Formation decision making loop Set Formation Entity goes and seeks suitable cover from fire Seek Cover Set Path Select Weapon Entity selects an available weapon Seek Cover Set Formation Entity in lead sets the formation others will follow Set Path Entity in lead sets the path the others will Communicate Change Facing Direction follow Change Field Regard Shoot Allows entity to engage targets Wait Throw Grenade Tells entity to throw a grenade Remove Message Wait Tells entity to not move for a give period of time
Category ASPECT OF IWARS TO MODIFY. Shoot Reload Time Accuracy of Fire Acquire Time Move Speed Direction/Path Take Communicate Time to send/receive messages Likelihood of entity to send /receive message
� Random draws from target population distribution NEO PI-R scores � Create personality profile for each synthetic soldier at time of creation � Use model scores as coefficients to alter “trained” skill levels � Dynamically modify skill levels given events
Small-unit patrol in urban terrain • Model-based personality traits manually input in synthetic soldiers • No dynamic behavior changes • Not a comprehensive verification
� Compare output from “out of the box” behavior model and the enhanced behavior model with a well-documented historical small-unit battle � Ox and Bucks coup de main at Pegasus Bridge, 6 June 1944 selected as the validation scenario
• Background research complete • Site visit complete • 2D and 3D models complete • Weapon modeling ongoing • USMA and St. Cyr cadets engaged in model integration
Dr. Paul West Department of Systems Engineering United States Military Academy West Point, New York
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