Third International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species WELCOME TO ORAL PRESENTATION UNDER THEME 1: RESILIENCE AND LIVELIHOOD: UTILIZATION, POST-HARVEST
Collective action in managing Ricinodendron heudelotii kernel extraction machine : Exploratory study in Southern Cameroon By: Charlie MBOSSO Co-authors: Ann DEGRANDE, Patrick VAN DAMME and Romarick FOTSI
Presentation plan I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS III. RESULTS IV. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
(1/5) Ricinodendron heudelotii (njansang) • Humid lowland forests’ tree Pictures of njansang • Fruit is green or yellow; fruit, seed, kernel spherical with one to three seeded lobes • Reddish brown-black seed with a yellow kernel inside. • Kernels: ingredient in many local dishes; strong local and urban demand • Processing njansang takes between two and six months. Main constraint for Picture of njansang its economic exploitation => manual kernel kernel extraction extraction
(2/5) A prototype njansang extraction machine • was designed to provide an alternative to the manual extraction of njansang kernels from the nuts (ICRAF, 2009). Machine parts: • Pict of cracking – engine machine – cracker – frame Advantages of machine: • – saves time (can crack 30 kg of nuts per hour) – less injurious Disadvantages of machine: • – higher rate of broken kernels (23%), so requires more time for sorting – only profitable if group members are able to extract at least 24,000 kg of seeds per year
Research Questions (3/5) Can collective action enable group members to use the machine more effectively and make it profitable? Collective Use of Action extraction machine Can the machine help njansang producers to engage more in collective action?
Research hypotheses (4/5) • Groups that have the machine and have received ICRAF support have some predispositions to work together (collective action) and valorise better njansang related activities (sales > consumption) • Groups with no machine and no support tend to work individually and are less involved in njansang-related activities (consumption > sales)
Research objectives (5/5) • To describe activities related to njansang and existing collective action in groups • To analyze the utilization of the njansang extraction machine (qty, frequency of use, etc…) and assess the level of adoption of the machine • To analyze development interventions in the area • To compare and characterize groups in terms of njansang activities, collective action and development intervention
I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS III. RESULTS IV. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Methodology - study sites (1/3) Centre region South region CAMEROON
Methodology - Choice of producer groups (2/3) Categories ICRAF Presence of Centre South support machine I Yes Yes Ondeck Alen II Yes No Loum Mviili- Mengale III No No Nkolobondi Mebem
Methodology - data collection and analysis (3/3) • Sample: 120 njansang producers (20 per group) • Survey: structured questionnaire, covering: General information about producer – Njansang-related activities – Njansang extraction machine – Collective action – ICRAF support – • Analyses: descriptive analysis (univariate and bivariate); ANOVA; Reliability analyses (with Likert items); Multiple correspondence analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS III. RESULTS IV. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 2. Activities related to njansang 3. Level of collective action in groups 4. Utilization of the njansang extraction machine and level of adoption of the machine 5. Development interventions in the area 6. Characterization of groups in terms of njansang activities, collective action and development interventions
The majority of respondents are females, married with agriculture as primary job. They also have a basic level of education
1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 2. Activities related to njansang 3. Level of collective action in groups 4. Utilization of the njansang extraction machine and level of adoption of the machine 5. Development interventions in the area 6. Characterization of groups in terms of njansang activities, collective action and development interventions
1/2 Njansang trees location 60% 55% Percentage of respondents 50% 40% 26% 30% 18% 20% 10% 1% 0% Forest Forest and Cocoa farm Fallow cocoa farm Njansang trees location Rules related to njansang exploitation 45% 40% Sanctions if rules are not respected Percentage of respondents 40% 35% 28% 30% 63% 70% 25% Percentage of respondents 18% 60% 20% 15% 50% 8% 10% 4% 40% 2% 5% 30% 20% 0% 20% 12% 3% 10% 2% 0% Rules fixed Sanctions Njansang trees are found mostly in forest and ownership of trees is recognized despite the fact that sometimes nothing is done for those who don’t respect the rules
Qty of njansang harvested and sold in one season 2/2 60% 54% Percentage of respondents 50% 52% 40% 28% 30% 24% Qty of nuts harvested (%ge) 20% 11% 8% Qty of kernels sold (%ge) 5% 12% 10% 2% 4% 0% Qty of nuts/kernels harvested and sold (in kg) Personal objectives of getting Number of years respondents are involved in njansang activity involved in njansang activity 3% Commercialisation and 7% consumption 8% Less than 2 years 37% 30% Commercialisation Between 2 and 5 years 15% Between 5 and 8 years Consumption More than 8 years 70% Like njansang work 30% Half of respondents harvest and sell less than 20 kg. The majority of respondents have been involved in njansang activity for more than 8 years. The majority is involved in the activity for commercialisation and consumption purposes
1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 2. Activities related to njansang 3. Level of collective action in groups 4. Utilization of the njansang extraction machine and level of adoption of the machine 5. Development interventions in the area 6. Characterization of groups in terms of njansang activities, collective action and development interventions
1/4 Activities done collectively 4-point Likert items Activities producers do individually: (from 4=always work together to 1=never work together) – Harvest – Depulping – Boiling of kernels Activities producers do – Sorting /drying collectively: – Kernel extraction – Group sales => all related to harvest – Decision to sell and post-harvest – Price negotiation => All related to sales
2/4 Significant differences between group categories in terms of experience in activity, rules and sanctions, type of collective activities and objectives Variables Cat I Cat II Cat III Number of years 2-5 years 2-5 years More than 8 years people are involved in Less than 2 years = 0 Less than 2 years = 0 njansang activities (P = 0.000) Rules fixed for Trees ownership and Huge quantity Nothing njansang activities (P = group work 0.000) Sanctions due to non Exclusion Isolation Nothing respect of rules on njansang (P = 0.004) Activities done Group sales Group sales Nothing collectively on njansang (P = 0.000) Personal objectives by Consumption and Consumption and consumption working njansang (P = commercialization commercialization 0.001)
3/4 Group management 5-point Likert items (5=strongly PER CATEGORY agree and 1=strongly disagree) Significant difference between group categories in terms of: OVERALL: leaders are honest • Variable Cat I Cat II leaders represent group very • Confidence on Excessively Not really well outside executive solidarity among group members • (P = 0.000) members good communication between Difficulties Individual Tedious work • encountered with sales members group activities point of view of members taken (P = 0.004) • into consideration Major strength Group work Group work, good communication between (P = 0.013) but internal • executive and other members regulations
4/4 Effect of collective action on incomes • Producers in Cat1 have incomes superior to those in Cat3 – difference in income (Fcfa 36,763) is highly significant (p=0.001) • Producers in Cat2 have incomes superior to those in Cat3 – Difference in incomes (Fcfa 46,170) is highly significant (p=0.000) • The difference between Cat1 and Cat2 was not significant One way ANOVA multicomparison of Turkey => Collective action seems to increase incomes from njansang
1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 2. Activities related to njansang 3. Level of collective action in groups 4. Utilization of the njansang extraction machine and level of adoption of the machine 5. Development interventions in the area 6. Characterization of groups in terms of njansang activities, collective action and development interventions
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