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In memory of civil rights leaders: Congressperson John Lewis and Reverend CT Vivian

Today’s Program Moderators: Chris Lewis and Matt Harris • Historical Context: Dr. Brian Williams, Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of Virginia • The National Dialogue: Lynda Garcia, Policing Campaign Director, The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights • Alexandria Resolution & Community Review Boards: Burke Brownfeld, Director of Global Security & Safety / Visa Incorporated

PARTICIPATE IN TODAY’S TOWN HALL 1. Share your comments in the Zoom chat or Facebook Live comments. 2. Submit your questions via Slido. 3. Participate in the poll at the end of the program.

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Looking Back to Look Ahead: A Historical Overview of Policing in the US Brian N. Williams, PhD Associate Professor of Public Policy

Who I Am • Associate Professor of Public Policy – Public Administration & Public Management • Applied Researcher – Public Engagement in Governance – Reimagining and Redesigning • Police policies and practices – Co-creation and Co-Production • Public safety, public order, and community wellbeing • Proponent of “ power with” not “ power over” – Shared sense of responsibility 10

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview • Informal beginnings – Use of volunteers with night watch system (Boston in the 1636, NY in 1658 and Philadelphia in 1700) – From night watches to day watches • Philadelphia in 1833 and New York in 1844 • Formal establishments – 1838 Boston established first US police force – 1845 (NYC) 1851 (Albany, NY and Chicago); 1853 (NOLA and Cincinnati); 1855 (PHI) – 1880s in all major cities 11

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview • Financial support – from private to public $$$ • From political puppets to professional actors • Common Ground – Enforcers of laws – Social Construction of Target Populations • Socially constructed stigmatized populations; • Public perceptions -> social constructions-> political constructions -> policing/professional practices -> reinforce public perceptions – Orientation to support the status quo 12

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview • Common ground… – Policing as a way to protect profits… • But, with regional differences – in the Northeast in cities like Boston, shipping interest – Industrial areas of the NE/MW • Strike breaking / strike busters – In the South slavery via slave patrols • Slave patrols as precursors of PDs and LEOs – Protection of profits at the expense of people 13

Evolution of Policing: A Visual Depiction Reactive Proactive (political/informal) (professional/formal) 14

Will Our Past Serve As Prologue? 15

Should We Look Back to Plan Ahead? “The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police…” ~ Sir Robert Peel, 1829 ~ 16

Should we embrace and leverage this co- active moment and movement? Coactive? Reactive Proactive (community- (political/informal) (professional/formal) oriented/communal?) 17

Sources Gaines, L., Kappeler, V. & Vaughn, J. (1999). Policing in America, 3 rd edition. • Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing. • Harring, S. (1983). Policing in a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1865 – 1915 . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. • Lundman, R. (1980). Police and Policing: An Introduction . New York: Rinehart & Winston . • Potter, G. (2013). The History of Policing in the US. http://plsonline.eku.edu • Schneider, A. & Ingraham, H. (1993). Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review, 87(2), pp. 334-347. • Websdale, N. (2001). Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing . Boston: Northeastern University Press. • Williams, B.N., Brower, R. S., & Klay, W. E. (2016). Community-centered Police Professionalism: A Template for Reflective Professionals and Learning Organizations with Implications for the Co-Production of Public Safety and Public Order. The Police Journal . 89(2), pp. 151-173. 18

Thanks! Brian N. Williams, PhD bnw9q@virginia.edu Frank Batten School of Leadership & Public Policy University of Virginia PO Box 400893 235 McCormack Road Charlottesville, VA 22903 19

The Leadership Conference New Era of Public Safety

What does DEFUND the police mean? ＋

What does ABOLISH the police mean? ＋

Mechanisms for Accountability Data Collection and Transparency You can’t fix what you can’t measure. Police departments should collect publish data. Body-Worn Cameras BWC are an important accountability tool if used properly but departments must have strict policies that regulate their use. Community Review Boards Law enforcement and the public may have very different ideas about officer misconduct and residents should have a say in policy and discipline.

Resources Some places to start looking ➜ Advocacy toolkit: https://toolkit.civilrightspolicing.org/ ➜ Issue briefing: https://civilrights.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/06/Policy-Change-for-a-New-Era.pdf ➜ More community tools https://civilrights.org/creating-a-new-era- of-public-safety/

Resources Alexandria City Council resolution from June: ● https://www.alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/police/info/ResolutionNo 2950CondemningRacism.pdf Race Based Trauma Resources and Support in Times of Civil Strife: ● https://www.alexandriava.gov/dchs/adultservices/default.aspx?id=116118 The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Policing ● Toolkit: https://toolkit.civilrightspolicing.org/ ● The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Advocacy Tools for Public Safety: https://civilrights.org/new-era-advocacy/

Upcoming programs ● Race Relations in Alexandria: Looking Back and Moving Forward Thursday, August 13 at 7 pm - Matt Harris, Chair, Alexandria Human Rights Commission For nearly 20 years, Matt Harris has served on the Human Rights Commission, which sets policy on human rights in the city. Join him as he discusses his experiences on the commission, his personal observations on race relations in Alexandria, and thoughts on how to knit our community together through meaningful action. Visit alexlibraryva.org to register for this free program.