Ultrapotassic syenites: an alternative K-source worldwide Marcelo - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ultrapotassic syenites: an alternative K-source worldwide Marcelo Oliveira, Albano Leite, Ingo Wender 2IWAP, London, June 2017

Potassium (K) Fertilizers Ready for Disruption STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 2

Potash MInes Potash Mines (active producion) Source: USGS 2010 STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 3

Unserved potash demand requires new solutions Demand for a New Potassium Fertilizer Production with no by- Local products or potassium waste source & close generation. to end-user Lower overall carbon footprint Chloride-Free (non- salt), Controlled Release, no leaching and improvement of soil quality over time Efficient STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 4 Source: APT

A new potassium fertilizer source K-Feldspar is an abundant and chloride- free silicate mineral Earth’s Crust Composition World’s Potassium Distribution in Minerals Oxygen c.47% Micas K-Feldspars c.32% Can’t be c.60% economically Up to 15% K2O content concentrated as a Potassium source Aluminium Iron c.8% c.5% Silicon c.27% K Ca c.3% c.4% All Other Na Mg K-Silicates c.2% c.3% c.8% Potassium Salts Others c.1% (Current source of MOP) < c.0.01% STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 5 Source: Mason & Moore (1982); Yaroslavsky (1969); Poddervaart (1968), APT Analysis

K-rich rocks ► Sedimentary rocks: • Arcosian sandstones; low K 2 O grade, high quartz contents; ► Metamorphic rocks: • Mica schists: low K 2 O grade (< 4 wt%), high quartz contents. Moderate K 2 O grades (> 7 wt%) are very rare and low tonnage (< 10 Mton). ► Igneous rocks: • Syenites: up to 15 wt% K 2 O, large volumes, occur worldwide. • Trachytes; more restricted STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 6

New exploration model ► Syenite was not an ore before APT; ► Occurrences and main characteristics; ► Petrology: ► Geomorphology: ► Geophysics. STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 7

Petrology - Genesis STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 8

Geomorphology SRTM value (m) -1100 -250 Source: SRTM: NASA / INPE 2010; APT STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 9

Gamma K Source: CPRM 2012; APT STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL

APT’s model + Desktop study Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Local availability APT Kfs Rock Mines K-Feldspars can be High Potential of K-Feldspar Rich Rock Deposits found all over the world Source: Cropland Area: IIASA-IFPRI (GEOWIKI); 11 K-Feldspar Rich Rocks: Location of Kfs rich rock deposits based on general public information and proprietary geological data Research is non-exhaustive. Occurrence of K-feldspars in areas other than those researched so far is highly likely. STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 11

APT Kfs Deposits in Brazil Comments ► APT developed Kfs mines close to all major BREJINHO agricultural areas of the Cerrado region TRIUNFO SINOP CERAIMA SERRA DAS ARARAS APT Kfs Rock Mines High Potential of Kfs Rich Rock Deposits Port of Santos Brazilian Cerrado Port of Paranaguá Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Port of Rio Grande Source: IBGE 2007 - Census of Agriculture, 2006 collected data; Embrapa 2013 – System for Agriculture Observation and Monitoring (SOMABRASIL), 2011´s Crops; APT Analysis STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 12

Triunfo Project Triunfo Project – 3D Geological modelling Mineral potential > 1 billion tons Syenites Triunfo Project – Google Earth image STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 13

Ceraíma Project Ceraíma Project – 3D Geological modelling Mineral Potential ~ 400 MTons Ceraíma syenitic complex Main ore body Ceraíma Project – AFS-GNF STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 14

Serra das Araras Project - North EAST VIEW 15.2% K 2 O 64.2% SiO 2 1.7Km SOUTH VIEW 14.2% K 2 O 64.5% SiO 2 1.1Km STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL

Serra das Araras Project - North WEST VIEW 13.0% K 2 O 14.7% K 2 O 60.7% SiO 2 62.7% SiO 2 STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL

African Continent – High Potential Kfs Opportunities High Potential of Kfs Rich Rock Deposits Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Source: Cropland Area: IIASA-IFPRI (GEOWIKI); K-Feldspar Rich Rocks: Location of Kfs rich rock deposits based on general public information and proprietary geological data STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 17

China – High Potential Kfs Opportunities High Potential of Kfs Rich Rock Deposits Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Source: Cropland Area: IIASA-IFPRI (GEOWIKI); K-Feldspar Rich Rocks: Location of Kfs rich rock deposits based on general public information and proprietary geological data STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 18

India – High Potential Kfs Opportunities High Potential of Kfs Rich Rock Deposits Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Source: Cropland Area: IIASA-IFPRI (GEOWIKI); K-Feldspar Rich Rocks: Location of Kfs rich rock deposits based on general public information and proprietary geological data STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 19

North America – High Potential Kfs Opportunities Cropland Area % 30 – 40% 40 – 60% > 60% Source: Cropland Area: IIASA-IFPRI (GEOWIKI); K-Feldspar Rich Rocks: Location of Kfs rich rock deposits based on general public information and proprietary geological data STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 20

No need for complex and expensive deep mining operations Example of Kfs Deposits – Brazil Typical Potash Evaporite Deposits 2,500m 150m Gravel / Till Shale 500 m Sand (Blairmore) Carbonate Evaporate 1000 m POTASH Evaporate Potash Deposit Example: Saskatchewan Deposit STRICTLY PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL 21 Source: APT, IPNI-International Plant Nutrition Institute (October 2010) .

info@advancedpotash.com