Trend and Challenge on Analytical Technology in Relation with Food - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Trend and Challenge on Analytical Technology in Relation with Food Safety PT. Angler BioChemLab Suwidji Wongso, Ph.D. March ¡4, ¡2013 ¡

Food Safety vs Food Security PT. Angler BioChemLab Food Safety: A measure of that food will not cause pain or free from hazards caused by both the public perception and scientific study when it is prepared, served and eaten Food Security: The WHO defines fourth of food security: food availability, food access, food use, the stability over time

Food Safety vs Food Security PT. Angler BioChemLab Basic Human Need : Adequate and SAFE supply of food Global Realities Increasing Demand For Global Food Production Food “Overlapping “ Food Security Aspect” Safety Today, Food must be like this . . . ?

Food Safety PT. Angler BioChemLab

Food Safety PT. Angler BioChemLab In a broad sense includes • Not only the acute but also chronic effects (carcinogen, allergens, etc.) • Consider the impact to the ecology, environment, animal welfare • Labeling and the consumer's right to choose: organic, GMO, halal, veggie, allergen, etc.

Factors that trigger update of food safety regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab • outbreak of food-borne illness • Microbiological and chemical (ex. E.coli 0104:H4 , melamine) • potential of new chemical hazard • emerging residue or contaminant found in food (ex. 4-MEI, dioxin, PAH, mycotoxins, etc.) • new registration of pesticide, agricultural chemical, food additive, veterinary drug, etc. • scandal of misused, fraud, adulteration in food production (ex. melamine, regulation Analytical tech. mislabelling, etc.)

Factors that trigger update of food safety regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab § liberalism, free trade, free market, globalization From tariff barrier shift to non-tariff barrier

Factors that trigger update of food safety regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab New analytical technology development • ‰ Revolution of regulation Orbitrap QTOF TLC LC GC-MS MALDI-TOF TOF-MS UV Vis GC LC-MS GC-MS/MS UPLC HPLC ECD FPD LC-MS/MS concentration ug/kg concentration mg/kg Leaping of technology ∑ analyte in ∑ analyte in ~100 ~10 single run single run Analysis time minutes Analysis time hours

MS Popularity PT. Angler BioChemLab MS MS technology is popular today

Contribution to MS Development � 1897 Early Mass Spectrometry PT. Angler BioChemLab " In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.“ 1906 Nobel Prize � Joseph John Thomson � Mass spectrometry of isotopes � Fragmentation Mechanisms 1922 Nobel Prize (1923) Cornell University Ithaca, New York Francis William Aston � Fred W. McLafferty � Ion Trap Technique (1913 - 1993) University of Bonn, Germany; Mechanism of MALDI & ESI Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 University of Frankfurt, Germany Wolfgang Paul � Michael Karas � ESI on Biomolecules Peptide Sequencing using MS 2002 Nobel prize � Klaus Biemann (1926) John B. Fenn � MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts Mechanisms and Applications R. Graham Cooks (1941) MALDI Department of Chemistry, Purdue Franz Hillenkamp (1936) University University of Münster, Germany West Lafayette, Indiana “For the development ESI on Biomolecules of the ion trap technique.” 2002 Nobel prize � 1989 Nobel prize � Hans Georg Dehmelt � Koichi Tanaka � Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ �

History of MS Instrumentation PT. Angler BioChemLab GC-­‑APCI-­‑HR-­‑Qq-­‑TOF-­‑MS GC ¡X ¡GC-­‑TOF LC-­‑TOF-­‑HRMS LC/GC-­‑Qq-­‑TOF-­‑HRMS ORBITRAP LC-­‑NRM-­‑MS TRIPLE-­‑TOF AP-­‑GC ¡TOF IT-­‑ORBI GC-­‑TOF LC-­‑ICP-­‑MS 2012 LC-­‑MS/MS ICP-­‑ ¡MS ICP-­‑DRC ¡MS LC-­‑APPI-­‑MS/MS Q ¡TRAP ICP-­‑MS/MS APCI GC-­‑MS/MS APPI APLI Hybrid technology Speed Improvement ↑ Sensitivity ↑ Maximum Scan Speed ↑ Throughput ↑

Example of Complexities How many analyte do you need to analyze in single run? PT. Angler BioChemLab Chromatogram of 300 pesticides at concentration 5ppb each Multiresidue method have to include as many substances as possible and must be accurate, precise, sensitive, fast, widely applicable, selective, easy and robust.

Target Concentration Complexities What is the target concentration of interest? PT. Angler BioChemLab mg/kg (ppm) ug/kg (ppb) ng/kg (ppt) pg/kg (ppq)

Complexities PT. Angler BioChemLab The Food Safety Revolution: How Far Have We Come? What’s Next? How About Positive List vs Negative List Zero Not Targeted vs tolerance detected Non Targeted Analysis Then…

Codex Alimentarius PT. Angler BioChemLab • Dual objective: – Protecting the health of consumers – Facilitating fair practices in food trade – To coordinate all food standards work • Non-mandatory in nature, Codex standards and related texts have since 1995 become international benchmarks for harmonization under the SPS and TBT Agreements of WTO

Global Regulation Harmonization or PT. Angler BioChemLab Disharmonization ???

Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab Table of PARAQUAT MRL in Soybean and Rice according to Codex, EU, JP , US, ASEAN, SNI Rules Soybean Rice Codex Alimentarius 0.05 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg JP 0.1 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg EU 0.02 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg US 0.7 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg ASEAN 0.1 mg/kg 0.5 mg/kg SNI 0.1 mg/kg 10 mg/kg

Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab Definition of Glyphosate Codex : Soyabean and Maize : sum of glyphosate and N-acetylglyphosate, expressed as glyphosate JP-MRL : include residues of glyphosate, glyphosate-ammonium, glyphosateisopropylamine, glyphosate-trimesium, and glyphosate sodium salts. EU MRL : glyphosate + trimesium US : glyphosate SNI : ?

Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab Only test analytes in the MRL list Substances with Not controlled no MRL Negative List Approach

Trend Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab Positive list started by: Test all analytes in the positive list Substances with 2006 no MRL Uniform Limit (0.01 ppm)

Trend Regulation Positive List PT. Angler BioChemLab Country Since Default MRL (ppm) EU 2008 0.01 South Africa 2008 0.01 Canada 2010 0.10 Malaysia 2010 0.01 Argentina 2011 0.01 New Zealand 2011 0.10 What about Indonesia?

Trend Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab CATEGORIES of SUBSTANCES • Approved substances Have maximum residue limits (tolerances) • Unapproved substances May be approved in some commodities but not for other • Banned substances Legitimately treated as “Zero Tolerance” à No one should be using these! Stan Bacler, Canadian Food Inspection Agency AOAC Setting Performance Requirements, Inaugural Meeting, Rockville, MD June 25 – 26, 2008

Trend Regulation PT. Angler BioChemLab Banned Unapproved Approved . ¡ substances substances substances ND Japan (standard methods) Uniform limit (0.01ppm) MRL USA Zero tolerant MRL EU MRPL default MRL (0.01ppm) MRL Targeted analysis list Non targeted TREND REGULATION TREND REGULATION analysis

Non Targeted Analysis Methods for fighting emerging food fraud PT. Angler BioChemLab and adulteration • Molecular Fingerprinting - PCR • Chemical Non-targeted profiling = = enemy - HR-NMR, LC-TOF-HRMS Stable Isotopes • - IRMS, SNIF-NMR

Current Issue PT. Angler BioChemLab FOOD AUTHENTICITY

Current Issue PT. Angler BioChemLab

Current Issue PT. Angler BioChemLab DIOXIN CASE

Current Issue PT. Angler BioChemLab Phthalate

Emerging Toxins PT. Angler BioChemLab Mycotoxin Marine Toxin Phytotoxin • ¡ ¡conjugated ¡mycotoxin ¡ • ¡produced ¡by ¡ ¡phytoplankton ¡ ¡escape ¡rou;ne ¡mycotoxin ¡ and ¡usually ¡during ¡HAB ¡ detec;on ¡methods ¡but ¡can ¡ (Harmful ¡Alga ¡Bloomings) ¡ release ¡their ¡toxic ¡ • ¡accumulate ¡in ¡various ¡ • ¡produce ¡by ¡plants ¡ precursors ¡(such ¡as ¡DON ¡ marine ¡species ¡such ¡as ¡fish, ¡ species ¡ and ¡ZON) ¡ crabs ¡or ¡filter ¡feeding ¡bivalves ¡ • ¡it ¡can ¡change ¡during ¡ shellfish) ¡ process ¡ “ Biotoxins ” Highly influence by geographic, natural condition (climate and wheather) and adaptation of organism

Emerging Toxins PT. Angler BioChemLab Masked Mycotoxin v Masked mycotoxin is conjugated mycotoxin, wherein the mycotoxin is usually bound to a more polar substance

Emerging Toxins Masked Mycotoxin PT. Angler BioChemLab Humans and animals consuming part of mycotoxin contaminated plants are therefor not just exposed to the native mycotoxins, but also their metabolites formed by the plant ¡

Emerging Toxins PT. Angler BioChemLab Marine Toxins Example Biotoxins from Eating Shellfish

Emerging Toxins PT. Angler BioChemLab Phytotoxins • ¡ Cyanogenic glycosides Phytotoxins which occur in at least 2000 plant species, of which a number of species are used as food in some areas of the world. Cassava and sorghum are especially important staple foods containing cyanogenic glycosides • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids In 6000 plant species, Senecio, Boraginaceae,.. - Occur in feed ; transfer to milk relevant - Occur in food ; hone, rocket salad - Highly toxic, genotoxic carcinogenic