www.vti.se Traffic Safety in Sweden d Astrid Linder PhD Astrid Linder, PhD S i S f t 1 ffi T
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Transport Research Institute • Independent research institute Independent research institute • 4 offices in Sweden • 180 employees 2 www.vti.se
Research Areas » Traffic and safety analysis Crash » Economics Economics » Transport and environment Safety Road and rail techniques Support and maintenance Interaction human-vehicle- society, mobility and safety Vehicle simulator Sea freight 3 www.vti.se www.vti.se
www.vti.se Content • Some examples 4 • Traffic safety Traffic safet • Vision Zero
The road transport system: an open and complex system How is the system controlled? • Rules and regulations mainly controlling the users Rules and regulations mainly controlling the users What is the effect? • More than 1,2 million fatalities (UN/WHO) • Around 40 000 fatalities in EU f 5 www.vti.se
Development of fatalities in Sweden (440 in 2005 ) 4,9/100 000 inhabitants 1 400 5 000 000 cars killed 4 500 000 1 200 4 000 000 4 000 000 1 000 3 500 000 3 000 000 3 000 000 800 2 500 000 600 2 000 000 1 500 000 400 1 000 000 200 500 000 0 0 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 6 www.vti.se
www.vti.se Fatalities on USA Roads (1975-2005) 7
Killed Serious Injuries AU 12/1, SE 7/1 Minor Injuries AU 120/1, SE 30/1 Source: Road Crash Costs in Australia 1999, Report 102, Bureau of Transport Economics (Insurance data) and Road Traffic Injuries in Sweden 1999, Statistiska Centralbyrån (police reports) 8 www.vti.se
The current road transport system • Major mismatch between components of the system • Trade-off between health and benefits allowed • Unclear responsibilities • Unclear safety philosophy • Weak driving forces for change 9 www.vti.se
VISION ZERO : A SAFE TRAFFIC CONCEPT VISION ZERO : A SAFE TRAFFIC CONCEPT History Goal • On October 9, 1997 the Road Traffic • The long term goal is that no-one Safety Bill founded on "Vision Zero" Safety Bill founded on Vision Zero shall be killed or seriously injured was passed by a large majority in the within the Swedish road transport Swedish Parliament. This represents system. an entirely new way of thinking with y y g respect to road traffic safety. 10 www.vti.se
Vision Zero forms a basis 1. Vision for many stakeholders 2. Ethical platform (right to survive) 3. Shared responsibility 4. Safety philosophy (failing human) 5. Driving forces for change 11 www.vti.se
Shared vision Car/ Industry Industry Road/ Road/ Govern- mental mental Agencies Road User/ Society 12 www.vti.se
Shared responsibility • Historically main responsibility on the road user • • In Vision Zero the responsibility is shared between road users and system In Vision Zero the responsibility is shared between road users and system designers System designers are responsible for the design, operation and the use of the road transport system and are thereby responsible for the level of safety within the entire system. safety within the entire system. Road users are responsible for following the rules for using the road transport system set by the system designers. b h d i If the users fail to comply with these rules due to a lack of knowledge If the users fail to comply with these rules due to a lack of knowledge, acceptance or ability, the system designers are required to take the necessary further steps to counteract people being killed or injured. 13 www.vti.se
Safety philosophy • Inspiration from other areas ( i.e. occupational health and safety) • P People make errors, mistakes and misjudgements l k i t k d i j d t • There are biomechanical tolerance limits • Th The chain of events can be cut at many places h i f t b t t l • Focus on injuries not crashes 14 www.vti.se
www.vti.se Percentage pedestrian killed at impact velocities 15
Threats, Velocity and Height We show a lack of ability to feel the risks in the traffic systems. W h l k f bilit t f l th i k i th t ffi t We can understand that a frontal collision in high velocities is a sever g event but we do not experience it as a threat. Humans has a natural respect towards heights If the kinetic energy is Humans has a natural respect towards heights. If the kinetic energy is represented into potential energy the experience changes. Ki Kinetic energy ti P t Potential energy ti l 30 km/h 3.5 m 60 km/h 60 km/h 14 m 14 m 90 km/h 32 m 16 www.vti.se
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www.vti.se So what has happened? Some examples! 20
www.vti.se bouts oundabouts in signals nals in rounda ROUNDABOUTS section w ith problems oblems g sults in si sults in r ashes results Intersection w ith pr ocus on injuries results 21 ocus on crashes r Focus on injuries Focus on cr Inter
www.vti.se CENTRE GUARD RAILS roads d 0 km 1997, 1760 km 2007 km 2007 ide ro id 13m w id 0 km 1997, 1760 13 ng 13 22 ting i ti existi i On ex O O
www.vti.se SAFE ROADSIDE AREAS ing the road oad leaving the people lea or people 23 Design for Design f
RIGHT SPEED Vehic ehicles, r es, roads oads and and speeds speeds must st ma matc tch 24 www.vti.se
Speed limit, road design and car design goes hand in hand • Crash test 90km/h into tree Crash test 90km/h into tree • Crash test 90km/h into guard rail Crash test 90km/h into guard rail 25 www.vti.se
COLLISION FOR SAFETY (Euro NCAP) ( ) Get Get ever eryone up to best pr one up to best practice b actice by tel telling the ling the public a public about bout saf safety dif ety differ erences ences Sea Seat belt usa belt usage (driv e (driver): er): 88.3 % 1997, 96 88.3 % 1997, 96 % in 2007 % in 2007 Bic Bicycle Bicycle Bic e helmet e helmet usa helmet usage: 16 helmet usa usage: e: 16.1 % 1997 e: 16 16 1 % 1997 1 % 1997, 27 % in 1 % 1997 27 % in 27 % in 2007 27 % in 2007 2007 2007 26 www.vti.se
Rearward facing child seat From 4 months to 4-5 years o o s o 5 yea s 27 www.vti.se
The number of injured children in Sweden and Germany grupp oup 0,14 per age gro n per ålders 0,12 0,1 , population p pulatationen 0,08 0,06 , centage of p ocent av pop 0,04 0,02 0,02 Perc Pro 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ålder Age Sverige Tyskland Sweden Germany 28 www.vti.se
Penetration of new technologies • Electronic Stability Control (ESC) from 15 % to 90 % in 36 months (now 94%) • Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) from 0 to almost 100% in 48 months • Intelligent Seat Belt Reminders (SBR) from 0 to 80% in 48 months Intelligent Seat Belt Reminders (SBR) from 0 to 80% in 48 months 100 Belted with SBR Belted without SBR Belted without SBR 90 80 70 60 Seat belt usage (%) 50 (Lie et al. TIP 2008) 40 30 20 10 0 Belgium/Brussels Denmark/Copenhagen France/Paris Germany/Berlin Italy/Milan Span/Barcelona Sw eden/5 citirs 29 www.vti.se
www.vti.se y safety assure saf TRAVEL POLICY IN COMPANIES to assur onsibility to y has a responsibilit p 30 any has a y one compan p p eryone com y y Ever Ev
Occupational health and safety Ev Ever ery y company ha company having per ving personnel out sonnel out in the in the road oad tr transpor ansport system t system is is responsible sponsible for the saf or the safety ety of of the the emplo employees emplo employees ees ees 31 www.vti.se
www.vti.se Improper personal protection protection Human mistake or FOLLOW UP misjudgement 32 i j d Deliberate violence of rules
Classification of fatal crashes Sweden 1998/1999 Mistake leading to fatal crash forces Mistake leading to fatal crash forces related to road design and speed limit (n=637 ) Severe deliberate violence of rules Severe deliberate violence of rules leading to fatal crash forces 7% (n=111 ) 4% 4% 62% 2% Lack of personal safety Lack of personal safety 10% 15% equipment has resulted in fatal crash forces (n=218 ) 33 www.vti.se
MC DRIVER/PASS. 60 MOPED MOPED Killed Killed Male MC driver/pass. 50 Male moped Female MC driver/pass. Female moped 40 umber Nu 30 20 10 0 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 Year 34 www.vti.se
300 300 MC Registered Moped I 250 Moped, II 200 umber Nu 150 100 100 50 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Y Year 35 www.vti.se
www.vti.se Thank you for your attention Astrid linder@vti se Astrid.linder@vti.se 36
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