The he ethni hnic c enclave lave of of Ll Llor oret et de de Mar: r: a pe pers rsonal onal network work app pproach roach to o inve vestigate stigate mixed ed embe beddedness ddedness and d tra ransnational snational fields ds Max Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Diversity - Göttingen, May 2012 Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057).
1. Introduction. 2. Propositions. 3. Mixed Methods. 4. The “transnational” ethnic enclave. 5. Discussion.
Prof Profiles iles of of Et Ethni nic Entrepr Entrepreneu eneurs rshi hip. (2010-2012). An approach to the strategies, dynamics and transnational spaces of the small immigrant entrepreneurs in the new economic context. (Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation). LLORET DE DE MAR: A CASE STUDY DY OF OF AN AN “ETHNIC ENCLAV LAVE “ Participant observation (April – May 2010, April – May 2011, November 2011) & several meetings with representatives (association leaders, City council … ). May 2011: 6 personal networks from Indian shop-keepers. November 2011: short interviews in 60 shops in the main shopping area. Moreover we collected 12 additional personal networks of Indian people, both owners and employees, 3 Spaniards, 3 Moroccans and 1 Dutch entrepreneur. This give a total of 24 personal networks and 1,080 persons nominated.
IMM MMIGRATION GRATION From 0,5% migrant population (1985) to 14,1% (2011) 1. 1. Romania (809.409) 2. 2. Morocco (766.187) 3. 3. Ecuador (478.894) … India (0,5%) 24% rate e of UNEMP MPLO LOYMENT. YMENT.
Local population: 40,000 (60% Spanish + Europeans + Latinos + Africans + others) and becomes more than 100,000 during summer. Lloret de Mar: 1 st touristic destiny in Catalonia & 5 th in Spain. Mass tourism in Lloret is also called: “ Lumpen- tourism” /”Sun, sea, sand” tourism / “all - included” tourism” /drunkenness tourism. During 2011: 10 million tourists, 8.000 million dollars revenue .
There are 1500-1800 Indians in Lloret: Sinds, Sikh and Punjabis No previous historical contact. Olympic Games Displacement of previous local “ethnic economies” Moroccan, Pakistani, locals.
SOUVENIR NIR SECTO TOR R (80%) 1. Little economic (investment) and human capitals (experience). 2. Unspecific, non-specialized sector: ▪ From t-shirts to bullfighter figurines. ▪ Great variety, flexibility and adaptation to new demands .
Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057). IP. JL Molina González
EMPLO LOYEES YEES Young male co-ethnics, non-skilled, fresh migrants. Low consumption rates, low salaries and long working days (> 14 hours). Social segregation + “c ircular migration” EMPLOY OYERS ERS Early community and long settlement. Barcelona (1992) and Andorra (15 years) Most hold Spanish Nationality Tenants and ownerships (>1) Integration + upward mobility.
1. “Transnational” et ethn hnic en enclave “ There is not such thing as “ethnic enclaves” in Spain” (Haller , 2004; Solé & Parella, 2005; Arjona & Checa, 2006 ) 2. Mixe xed em embed edded edne ness ss of of ow owne ners High proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + co-ethnics + low geographical dispersion index (“locals”). 3. Circular ular mi migr grati ation on of of em empl ploy oyees ees Low proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + High proportion of co-ethnics + high geographical dispersion index (“transnationals”). 4. Vert ertic ical al int nteg egrat ration on with th pr prov ovide ders rs Competitive pricing.
Participant observation – 60 short Interviews in shops. 24 Personal networks (45 alters) – 18 “Indians”. 50 questionnaires using position generator (social capital). Geographical dispersion indexes
egodisp1 = Ego-Michelle + Ego-Hillary + Ego - Craig + (…) /N egodisp2 = egodisp1 + Michelle-Craig + Michelle-Mum + Hillary – Angela …/N (N -1)
Encl clave ave : a particular case of “ethnic economy” (Light, 2006) “Permanent concentra rati tion on in a particular spatial place of a variety of ethnic enterprises with a significa icant nt presence of co- ethni nic c workers rs in a specialized economic sector” (Portes, 1981:290-91) (…) possessing a sizeable able entrep trepreneurial reneurial class ss with diverse economic activities, and co co-et ethnic hnicity ity between owners and workers and, to a lesser extent, consumers. But most importantly, they must evidence a geog ograph raphic c concen oncentrat ration on of ethnic economic activities within an ethnic hnicall ally y identi ntifi fiable able neighbor ghborhoo hood d with a minimum level of institutional titutional comp mplet leteness eness. (Kaplan and Li 2006:5)
Business type Percentage Indian Local Others percentage percentage percentage Souvenir retail 40% total (26) 92% 8% 0 shops Restaurants 31% total (19) 31% 40% 29% & Fast-food shops Liqueur shops 7,6% (2) 100% 0 0 Other services 21,6% (13) 15% 25% 60% Total 100 100 100 100 Table 2. Percentage of businesses in the sample.
Spatial concentration Sector specialization + + Ethnic co-workers Ethnic Owners + + Ethnic clients / ethnic - Ethnic solidarity (& + Quarter competition) Information and + Institutional “completeness” + opportunities flow
Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405nominations). Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1) (M owners = 5.58, SD = 1.15; M employees = 6.50, SD = .18; t > = -2.35, df = 8.38, p < .05).
“The providers are from Lloret, they are Indians. I also go to different places to look for them, Badalona or Barcelona. But I am not a big businessman, I am not travelling abroad. The Indians serve products from Catalonia, from my own country, from France, Germany … I do not import anything from anywhere. My shop is rented; the landlord is Spanish, from here, from Lloret (13H11JP ).”
“Indians come because this is a joke. They do not pay taxes and they steal” (Local Shopkeeper 1, Lloret de Mar, Spain) “I am against to what is going on … But imagine an Indian comes and offers me 60,000 € straight away with a 5 years contract … I would take it! without thinking twice!“(Local Shopkeeper 2, Lloret de Mar, Spain) “They live to work, we work to live” . (Local Shopkeeper 3, Lloret de Mar, Spain)
Some people are thinking in remigrating … Some others to move to another country… Most established owners are coping with the crisis negotiating better credit conditions with providers (not Banks!), closing more time and hiring less personnel. (…)
Danke!
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