Environmental sustainability of maritime transport Regulation - from a reactive approach to early proactivity
Environmental impacts and Regulation • Air pollution (combustion • MARPOL and tanks) • AFS • Marine pollution • BWM (hydrocarbons and others) • Recycling of ships • Waste dumping • OPRC • Release of toxins by • INTERVENTION paints • LC • Migration of aquatic organisms • Shipwrecks and / or cargo losses • Noise and collision with marine mammals
MARPOL Torrey Cany nyon on 1967 67 Amoco oco Cadiz iz 1978 78 Built in 1959 in the United States and later modified Built in 1974 (increased from 60K to 120K Carrying 227K tons Dw) Grounded on the coast of Spillage of 117000 m3 (almost Brittany (16 March 1978) the entire cargo) Spilled all of the cargo, reaching about 360 Kms of coast Grounded and holed in 6 tanks The spill reached the shores of the UK and France
MARPOL Implemention Implentation: 1967 Torrey Canyon • 1973-1978 Amoco cadiz et al. • • MARPOL ’73 and the Protocol ‘78 • MARPOL enters into force in October 1983 Portugal joined in July 1987 • - Annex I and II – 1983 - Annex III – 1992 - Annex V – 1988 - Annex IV – 2003 - Annex VI – 2005
MARPOL Structure • Annex I - Regulations for the prevention of oil pollution; • Annex II - Rules for control of pollution by noxious liquid substances carried in bulk; • Annex III - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, containers, portable tanks, tank trucks and rail tanks; Annex IV - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by • sewage from ships; Annex V - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by • garbage from ships; • Annex VI - Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships
Contribution from ship emissions to air quality in Europe (PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1) “ Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe” Mar Viana , Pieter Hammingh , Augustin Colette , Xavier Querol , Bart Degraeuwe , Ina de Vlieger , John van Aarde... Atmospheric Environment, Volume 90, 2014, 96 - 105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2014.03.046
Contribution from ship emissions to air quality in Europe (Nox and SOx ) Mar Viana , Pieter Hammingh , Augustin Colette , Xavier Querol , Bart Degraeuwe , Ina de Vlieger , John van Aarde... Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe Atmospheric Environment, Volume 90, 2014, 96 - 105
Sulphur Oxide Emissions Regulamention SOx 2010 2012 2015 2020 or 2025 IMO – Global (except 4.5% 3.5% 0.5% passenger ships) IMO – ECA – SECA 1.5% 1.0% (a partir de 01.07.2010) 0.1% (EU) European ports 0.1% California (< 24 nm) 1.5% (MGO) 0.1% Residuals 0.5% (MDO) Distillates • Directive 2012/33/EU. • From 2020, the limit advances to 0.5% in Europe, regardless of IMO 2018 valuation.
Areas with emission control (Sox Nox and Pt)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS, 2001(2008( 1) ) Regula ulation ion 782/20 /2003 03 and and The Problem: lem: 536/200 6/2008: • Algae and • Phasing out the use of biocides mollusks in the submerged hull • Rules for removal of paint already applied • Use of paints with biocidal • Compulsive removal substances with the possibility of provisional sealing • Some national • Ban on future use of solutions are not substances with standardized or potential biocide effect certified • Hull paint certification
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments Ob Object ectiv ives es/impl /implica ications tions Aliens ens!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! • Reduce / eliminate the transfer of harmful or pathogenic organisms through the management and control of ballast water and sediments • Port infrastructure needs to receive sediment from the ballast
BWM Convention • D1 “ ballast water exchange standard” • D2 “ ballast water performance standard” • Need to Certify the System and document all operations
BWM Convention Implementation difficulties: • Not entered into force yet (has the necessary number of ratifications but not the Tonnage) • D1 not feasible in SSS – MoS • High investments in Source: EMSA untreated ballast reception infrastructure
International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships Initial itial recycling ling proce ocesses ses: Impact pact: • Beaching • Maritime pollution • Slipway • Spill Control • Berth • Local contamination • Dry-dock • High cost
“ First and foremost, I urge the owners of the yards to comply with the existing labour and social security legislation, and on the Government to monitor its effective implementation”, he added. Training opportunities need to be improved, and personal protective equipments (PPEs) should be provided to, and used by, all workers in the yards. Medical facilities do not possess sufficient human, technical and financial resources to provide any treatment other than first aid for minor injuries, and there are no schools or formal education facilities for the children of those employed in the yards, 20 per cent of whom are accompanied by their families” Okechukwu Ibeanu
Hong Kong Convention • Ensure that ship recycling is not a danger to the security / the human health or the environment • It addresses the design, construction, operation of ships and the preparation for the recycling process • Provides for the existence of hazardous materials on board as asbestos, heavy metals, hydrocarbons or that deplete the ozone layer • Mandatory certification of recycling facilities • Difficulty in defining when to apply Reg. 1013/2006 (waste transportation) • Ratification according to the criteria of number of states (15), GT (40%) with 3% GT recycled in the last 10 years
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation • notification procedures • international cooperation relating to pollution in the fight against incidents by pollution, research and hydrocarbons development to improve existing techniques for • measures to be taken preventing and against an incoming combating pollution report regarding a incidents pollution incident by those products • technical cooperation and promotion of • national and regional bilateral and multilateral systems for cooperation in the preparedness and preparation and combat combat of pollution of such incidents incidents • HNS Protocol • involves commercial aviation
OPRC Convention • Clean Sea Plan • There are 4 degrees of severity of • Atomized and accidents hierarchical responsibility • A higher severity level also implies an • Port authorities in higher decision- the first line of making authority response level
OPRC Convention Provid vide e assistanc istance e if requeste ested by the e oth ther r party Infor orm m neigh ghbor boring ing states tes from om spills ls that t may affect ect them em
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 Contr ntrac acting ting Partie ies s to the e LC and LP 1996 96 Rever erse e list LP 1996 96 • Dredged materials • Sludge from purifying plants • Fish and / or materials resulting from fish processing • Ships and platforms or other marine constructions • Inert inorganic geological materials • Organic materials of natural origin • Objects generated in isolated instalations (as small islands) without possibility of other forms of disposal
LC Convention and LP Protocol • Since 2007, it is possible to deposit CO2 in the seabed. • It also provides for experiences with marine fertilizers (iron). • http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/featur e/fertilizing-the-ocean-with-iron
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties 1969 • Possibility of intervention on the high seas in cases of pollution threatening the coast • Prior to the United Nations Conventions of maritime law
Liner perspective: Maersk Maersk Line’s reduction target is 60% less CO 2 emitted per container moved by 2020 (2007 baseline).
Calculate the energy efficiency of the ship • http://www.shippingefficiency.org
SOLAS STCW MARPOL MLC 2006
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