Sur les fusions dtoiles neutrons Lavnement de lastrophysique - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sur les fusions d’étoiles à neutrons L’avènement de l’astrophysique multjmessager Eric Chassande-Mottjn AstroPartjcule et Cosmologie (APC) CNRS Univ Paris Diderot Credits : NASA Goddard

Plan de la présentatjon ● Un peu de contexte ● Le signal gravitatjonnel GW170817 ● GW170817 et l’astronomie multj-messager ● Implicatjons en physique, en astrophysique et en cosmologie ● Perspectjves 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 2

LIGO Handford H1 LIGO Livingston L1 Virgo V1 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 LIGO only LIGO & Virgo Virgo O1 O2 O3 4 months 6 months 1 yr from Apr 2019 ~50 days ~ 100 days coincident coincident

LIGO Handford H1 LIGO Livingston L1 Virgo V1 ~3000 km ~10000 km BNS range (10 light-ms) (30 light-ms) H1: 60 Mpc Sensitjvitjes during O2 (2017) L1: 80 Mpc V1: 25 Mpc Quasi-omnidirectjonal (no pointjng) 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 4

Compact binary merger ringdown inspiral merger Characteristj tjc waveform signature The signal is described by 15 parameters component masses and spins tjme and geometry: space locatjon and orientatjon Chirp mass In-band duratjon 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 5

17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 6

Catalog GWTC#1 Confjdent detectjons: 10 binary black hole mergers include Virgo populatjon of objects hidden to conventjonal astronomy populatjon of objects hidden to conventjonal astronomy populatjon of objects hidden to conventjonal astronomy arXiv:1811.12907, htups:/ /www.gw-openscience.org/catalogs/ 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 7

Plan de la présentatjon ● Un peu de contexte ● Le signal gravitatj tjonnel GW170817 ● GW170817 et l’astronomie multj-messager ● Implicatjons en physique, en astrophysique et en cosmologie ● Perspectjves 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 8

Aug 17, 2017 chirp mass GW170817 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 9

A lot of physics in one signal post- merger matuer/tjdal efgects inspiral 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 10

From signal phase, chirp mass estjmate Phase matching: measurement accuracy scales with 1/N cycles inspiral N cycles ≈ 3000 detector-frame chirp mass From signal amplitude, distance/inclinatjon (degenerate) Can be converted to source frame by assuming a ref. cosmology (Planck) 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 11

From signal phase, chirp mass estjmate Phase matching: measurement accuracy scales with 1/N cycles inspiral N cycles ≈ 3000 detector-frame chirp mass From signal amplitude, distance/inclinatjon (degenerate) Can be converted to source frame by assuming a ref. cosmology (Planck) 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 12

Tidal deformatjon by the gravity gradient due to tjdal companion Efgect observable in the fjnal tens of GW cycles before merger f GW > 400 Hz – Keplerian orbital radius ~ 60 km is comparable to NS radius excluded post- merger small star tjdal efgects Selectjon of EoS from J. S. Read et al Cf Jerôme Margeron, Jogly 1 Phys. Rev. D79, 124032 (2009) and refs therein Figure from arXiv:1603.01286 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 13 large star

post- merger What is the remnant? prompt collapse to a black hole QNM at 6 kHz hypermassive NS [preferred] livetjme ~ 1 s f-mode, 2-4 kHz supramassive NS livetjme ~ 10−10 4 s stable NS magnetar, bar mode or r-mode instability No evidence for a post-merger signal Not enough sensitjvity at f > 2 kHz to conclude 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 14

Plan de la présentatjon ● Un peu de contexte ● Le signal gravitatjonnel GW170817 ● GW170817 et l’astronomie multj tj-messager ● Implicatjons en physique, en astrophysique et en cosmologie ● Perspectjves 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 15

LIGO-Virgo LIGO only (190 deg 2 ) LIGO-Virgo sky localizatjon rapid (31 deg 2 ) fjnal (28 deg 2 ) 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 17

17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 18

GW170817 follow-up fjrst month only 213 GCN Circulars Peak 50/day 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 19

Three tjme scales: seconds T0+1.7 s : gamma-ray burst Short duratjon, ~ 2 sec E iso ~ 1.2 x 10 46 erg (assuming D L = 40 Mpc) Atypical GRB: several orders of mag less energetjc, sofuer spectrum 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 20

Three tjme scales: hours/day T0+~1 d : UV, optjcal and IR Host galaxy identjfjcatjon NGC4933 “Kilonova”: radioactjve-decay (r-process) powered emission from the merger ejecta 647 fmux measurements from 18 papers and 46 instruments V. Ashley Villar et al, arXiv:1710.11576 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 21

HST/WFC3-IR F110W t c +4.79d 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 22 Tanvir et al, ApJL 848:L27 2017

MUSE A Levan, arXiv:1710.05444 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 23

Three tjme scales: weeks/months X-ray T0+9 d, radio T0+16 d Peak in X-ray & radio (100 μJy) at T0+~150 d and optjcal (m=26.5) at T0+110 d 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 24 Ghirlanda et al. ArXiv:1808.00469

Credits: F Daigne 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 25

Credits: F Daigne 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 26

Jet seen ofg-axis Quasi spherical outglow Jet with lateral structure 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 27

Late tjme radio VLBI observatjons ● Mooley et al & Ghirlanda et al ~2.4 mas T0+ ~200 days ● Very-long based interf [10 000 km] > 32 radiotelescopes [worldwide] ● Moving collimated jet observed T0+230 d T0+75 d ● midly relatjvistjc jet Γ ~ 4, θ jet ~ 4º ● viewing angle θ obs ~ 20º Mooley et al, ArXiv:1806.09693 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 28 Ghirlanda et al. ArXiv:1808.00469

Jet seen ofg-axis Quasi spherical outglow Jet with lateral structure 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 29

Plan de la présentatjon ● Un peu de contexte ● Le signal gravitatjonnel GW170817 ● GW170817 et l’astronomie multj-messager ● Implicatj tjons en physique, en astrophysique et en cosmologie ● Perspectjves 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 30

Implicatjons (1): nucleosynthesis 647 fmux measurements from 18 papers and 46 instruments 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 31 V. Ashley Villar et al, arXiv:1710.11576

Implicatjons (2): modifjed gravity Coincidence with GRB170817A within 1.7 s ● Very stringent constraints on the speed of gravity |c/c g – 1| < 5 x 10 -16 ● Incompatjble with a large set of alt. gravity scalar-tensor theories ● brought forward to explain dark energy h h tu tu p p s s : : / / / / a a r r x x i i v v . . o o r r g g / / a a b b s s / / 1 1 7 7 1 1 0 0 . . 0 0 5 5 8 9 7 0 7 1 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 32

Implicatjons (3): extra-dimensions gravitatjonal leakage vs num of space-tjme dimensions ● Test extra-dimensional theories of gravity Compare the luminosity distance extracted from the GW – signal to the EM-measured distance of NGC4933 arXiv:1801.08160 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 33

Implicatjons (4): Cosmology Hubble Lemaître law from host galaxy identjf. from GW signal amplitude [no “cosmological ladder”!] 1929, distances from Cepheids variables 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 34

Plan de la présentatjon ● Un peu de contexte ● Le signal gravitatjonnel GW170817 ● GW170817 et l’astronomie multj-messager ● Implicatjons en physique, en astrophysique et en cosmologie ● Perspectj tjves 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 35

GW astronomy today ● Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing ● Stable operatjon (~70 %) since April 1 st 2019 ● Improved sensitjvies wrt O2: Virgo x ~2, LIGO HL + 65 % ● Public alerts within minutes ● 36 GW alerts – 7 retractjons ● 21 events classifjed as BBH, 4 as BNS and 2 events as NS-BH ● Now commissioning break for a month ● No electromagnetjc counterpart detected so far 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 36

Binary black hole (21) O3a summary ~ 1 alert/week Binary neutron star (6) Neutron star-black hole (4) Alert retracted “Mass gap” – 3 to 5 M sun (2) htups:/ /arxiv.org/abs/1304.0670

GW astronomy in 2025 ● Five large-scale detectors in operatjon ● Best BNS range ~ 300 Mpc – Horizon z ~ 0.15 A+ A+ ● ~3 x current sensitjvity adV+ rough extrapolatjon from 03 → ~4 events/day (!) ● O(100) BBH and O(10) BNS per year Kagra+ [rates will be revised afuer O3] ● How many with an observed electromagnetjc counterpart? 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 38

gw-openscience.org “Only days afuer they announced the fjrst observatjon of gravitatjonal waves, the LIGO and Virgo collaboratjons made public their data.” Whole science-run data and GW event catalogs ● 80+ papers using open data ✔ Documentatjon, usage recommendatjons ● Online training: video tutorials and Jupyter notebooks ● 17 oct 2019 Journées OG Lyon 39