Structure and Function Tissues Organ Systems Homeostasis Return - PDF document

Slide 1 / 116 Slide 2 / 116 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative BIOLOGY This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Anatomy & Physiology used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course April 2014 materials to parents, students and others. www.njctl.org Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 116 Slide 4 / 116 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. acquired immunity digestive system hydroskeleton negative feedback simple adipose ectotherm skeletal system hypodermis nervous tissue alimentary canal endocrine system stratified ingestion nervous system anatomy endoskeleton striated innate immunity neuron squamous appendicular skeleton endotherm integumentary system peristalsis axial skeleton epidermis urinary system intercalated discs phagocytosis basement membrane epithelial tissue interstitial fluid physiology cephalization erythrocytes leukocytes platelets circulatory system excretion lymphatic system positive feedback columnar exoskeleton muscle tissue respiratory system connective tissue filtration muscular system secretion cuboidal gastrovascular cavity dermis hemolymph Slide 5 / 116 Slide 6 / 116 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section · Structure and Function Structure and Function · Tissues · Organ Systems · Homeostasis Return to Table of Contents

Slide 7 / 116 Slide 8 / 116 Structure and Function Structure and Function The adaptations that different The relationship between structure and function is an important animals have to allow them to overarching concept in biology and studying this relationship will perform various functions have all help us to understand animals. been fashioned by natural selection. Structure ( anatomy ) and function ( physiology ) are studied together because function is determined by structure. Natural selection has "fitted" structure to function by selecting, over many generations, what works best within a particular population The long bill of the sword-billed in it's environment. hummingbird makes it particularly suited to extracting nectar from flowers with deep hypanthium (nectar What elephant adaptations make it suited for its environment? chamber). Slide 9 / 116 Slide 10 / 116 Levels of Organization Structure and Function Elephants are suited to their environment: Structure in living things is organized in a series of Ears with large surface area allow efficient heat hierarchical levels. dissipation. Tusks are used as tools or for protection. tissue organ organ system organism Trunk is used for breathing, grasping and lifting. Slide 11 / 116 Slide 12 / 116 1 The study of an organism's structure is known as ____, Levels of Organization while the study of its function is ____. tissue organ organ system organism A physiology; anatomy B anatomy; physiology A group of Two or more All the organ Multiple organs cells that Answer tissues that systems that function C physicality; anonymity work work functioning together to together together to together as perform a vital D anonymity; physicality to perform perform a an integrated body function. a certain specific unit. function. task. Circulatory system Cardiac tissue Heart Human

Slide 13 / 116 Slide 14 / 116 2 Two or more tissues that work together to perform a 3 The digestive system is an organ system that is specific task is composed of several organs, including the stomach, small intestine and liver. Each of these organs are composed of A a cell. B an organ. A organisms. Answer C an organ system. Answer B bacteria. D an organism. C organ systems. D tissues. Slide 15 / 116 Slide 16 / 116 Tissues Tissues Return to Table of Contents Slide 17 / 116 Slide 18 / 116 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissues are named according to the number of cell layers Epithelial Tissue consists of many cells tightly packed together they have and to the shape of the cells on the free surface: with very little extracellular matrix. It covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities. Simple: A single layer of cells. One side of the tissue is anchored to the underlying tissues by Stratified: Multiple layers of cells. a basement membrane (a dense layer of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides.) The other side is the free surface and it faces the outside of an organ or the inside of a tube or passageway. Squamous: Flat cells Cuboidal: Cube shaped cells Columnar: Taller than they are wide Source: Davidson College Biology Department

Slide 19 / 116 Slide 20 / 116 4 A dense layer of extracellular matrix that anchors Epithelial Tissue epithelial tissue to underlying tissues is called the The structure of each type of epithelial tissue fits its function. A apical surface. Simple squamous epithelium is very thin and is suitable for exchange of materials via diffusion. It B epithelia. makes up capillaries and alveoli (air sacs in the lungs). C basement membrane. Answer D lymph. Stratified squamous epithelium can be found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the esophagus or our skin. Slide 21 / 116 Slide 22 / 116 5 How would you classify an epithelial tissue that has many Connective Tissue layers of cube shaped cells? Connective tissue is opposite of epithelial tissue in that it contains A simple cuboidal few cells and a lot of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix includes certain fibers and other chemicals that are secreted by the B simple squamous cells. Answer C stratified cuboidal There are six major types of connective tissue: D stratified columnar cartilage, bone, adipose (fat), blood, loose connective and fibrous connective. Slide 23 / 116 Slide 24 / 116 6 The Achille's tendon attaches the calf muscle to the heel Connective Tissue bone. Of what type of tissue is this composed? Type Description Location Binds epithelia to underlying A fibrous connective Loose In the skin and tissues and holds organs in connective throughout body. place. B cartilage Fibrous Attaches muscles to bones and Tendons and Answer connective connects bones at joints. ligaments C loose connective Hard mineralized tissue that Bone Skeleton gives structure. D adipose Liquid extracellular matrix. Blood Functions: defense, carry O 2 and Blood vessels clotting. Various locations: nose, ears, Cartilage Strong but flexible support. between vertebrae. Adipose Stores fat for fuel and insulation. Various locations.

Slide 25 / 116 Slide 26 / 116 7 This is the only liquid tissue. Muscle Tissue A loose connective Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers. B cartilage There are many contractile proteins arranged a certain way within the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. C bone Answer Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. D blood Slide 27 / 116 Slide 28 / 116 Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Found in hollow organs and blood vessels. It is "smooth" It is attached to bones by due to the lack of striations. tendons and is responsible for voluntary movement. Under the It is an involuntary muscle, microscope, cells appear striped meaning you do not have to or striated due to the think about your stomach arrangement of the contractile digesting food. units; therefore, it is also called striated muscle . Slide 29 / 116 Slide 30 / 116 8 The iris of the eye is composed of involuntary muscle. Cardiac Muscle Tissue What type of tissue is this? A Cardiac It forms the contractile tissue of the heart. It is striated, but the cells are branched, not B Skeletal straight as in skeletal muscle. Answer C Smooth It has specialized junctions, known as intercalated discs , between cells that rapidly conduct the signal to contract from cell to cell. intercalated discs nuclei

Slide 31 / 116 Slide 32 / 116 9 Striated muscle is also known as Nervous Tissue A cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue is specialized to sense and respond to stimuli, B skeletal muscle. both internal and external by conducting electrical impulses. Answer C smooth muscle. Nervous Tissue The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the cell called a neuron . Slide 33 / 116 Slide 34 / 116 10 The structural and functional unit of the nervous system Nervous Tissue is the Neurons receive information in the dendrites and transmit that A neuron. information via the axon. B dendrite. Dendrites Answer C axon. Cell body D glial cell. Axon Slide 35 / 116 Slide 36 / 116 11 Information is received and transmitted in a neuron in Tissues which direction? Test your knowledge: Type Composition Function A axon to dendrite Covers body surfaces Many cells tightly packed and lines internal B dendrite to axon Epithelial together with very little organs and body Answer extracellular matrix cavities Few cells and a lot of Holds tissues and Connective extracellular matrix organs in place Cells with filaments of Enables body Muscle protein movement Recieve, process and Nervous Nerve cells (neurons) transmit information