14 Which of the following statements is correct? A The nucleus surrounds the cell. B The cytoplasm surrounds the outside the cell. Answer D C The nuclear envelope monitors what goes in and out of the cell. D The nucleus controls all functions of a cell. 45
15 What structure is like the gatekeeper of the cell, allowing certain substances to enter and exit? A cell membrane B the nuclear envelope Answer C microfilaments D DNA 46
16 What is the primary function of a ribosome? A to clean the cell B to make RNA Answer C C to make protein D to make DNA 47
Animal Cell Structure: Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus packages and ships proteins out of the cell. 48
Animal Cell Structure: Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is the transport network for proteins and other materials. 49
Animal Cell Structures: Lysosomes Lysosomes are filled with enzymes that breakdown and recycle materials 50
Animal Cell Structures: Mitochondria Mitochondria are the sites of chemical reactions that power the cell. 51
17 The cell structure that contains enzymes and breaks apart waste molecules is called the ___________. A lysosome B vacuole Answer C nucleus D endoplasmic reticulum 52
18 What cell structure packages and ships proteins? Lysosomes A Answer B Golgi apparatus B C Mitochondria D ER 53
19 What organelle is like the powerhouse of the cell? Lysosomes A Answer B Golgi apparatus C Mitochondria D ER 54
Plant Cell Structures Plant and animal cells have many common features, and a few key differences. Animal cells have structures plant cells don't have including centrioles, microfilaments, and microtubules. Unique Plant Cell Structures 55
Plant Cell Structures: Large Vacuoles Vacuoles store water to help maintain water pressure inside cell. *Small vacuoles are also found in animal cells and protists. 56
Plant Cell Structures: Cell Wall The cell wall protects and supports the cell; only allows water and small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide through. 57
Plant Cell Structures: Chloroplasts Chloroplasts obtain energy directly from sunlight and use it to make energy molecules/food. 58
20 What is one key difference between a plant and animal cell? A Plant cells have a cell wall as animal cells do not. Answer B Plant and animal cells both have ribosomes. A C Animal cells have ribosomes and plant cells do not. D Plant cells do not have a nucleus. 59
21 What type of cell has choroplasts? A small B nonliving Answer C C plant D animal 60
22 What types of cells have a nucleus? A only nonliving cells B both plant and animal cells Answer B C only the smallest cells D human cells 61
23 What is the function of a chloroplast? A produce energy for cells B control the functions of a cell Answer D C assemble proteins D capture energy from the sun to make food 62
24 Which type of cell barrier do all cells have? A cell wall B cell membrane Answer C nuclear membrane B D nuclear pore 63
Lab 1 Investigating Cells Parts 35 64
Project: Build your Cell Field or City! INQUIRE: How does a cell compare to a baseball stadium or city? 65
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Return to Table of Contents 66
Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized, having different shapes, sizes and functions. Brain cells Fat cells (neurons) Skin cells Blood cells 67
Cell Communication Cells have special ways of communicating with each other to help make multicellular organisms function. For example, when you get a cut in your skin, your cells react by sending chemical messengers out to tell your other cells your skin needs repairing. 68
Cell Communication Immune cells are some of the coolest cells in our bodies. They respond to injuries to help repair or get rid of bad bacteria. 69
Cell Communication When you get a cut, why does an adult always make you wash it first thing? Bad bacterial cells can get through the tear in skin and get in your body. Fortunately, your immune cells are on this. When they get a signal that there's been an accident, they quickly arrive on the scene to help clean up Blood vessel filled bacteria. with blood cells 70
25 What is one way cells communicate with each other? A send emails B cells cannot communicate Answer C send chemical signals D send radio signals 71
Tissues Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar shape and function. 4 types of human tissue Plant tissue 72
Connective Tissue Connective tissue serves a "connecting" function. It supports and binds other tissues. Connective tissue serves many other purposes in the body, including storing fats and forming blood cells. 73
Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord, and branching peripheral nerves – which regulates and controls bodily functions. 74
Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue covers external surfaces and internal cavities and organs. Glands are also composed of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue helps to protect organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss. parotid squamous esophageal epithelial cells epithelial cells epithelial cells 75
Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is used for locomotion, food movement in the gut, and heat production. Types of Muscle Tissue: 76
26 What is the primary function of connective tissue? A to support external structures B to support muscles Answer D C to connect neurons in the brain D to support and bind other tissue 77
27 Which tissue type has 3 basic forms that give rise to smooth, skeletal, and cardiac? A connective B epithelial Answer C C muscle D nervous 78
28 Which tissue covers external surfaces? A nervous B connective Answer C epithelial C D muscle 79
Build an Organ Activity An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. Skin Heart Ear 80
Lab 2 Dissecting a Chicken Wing 81
Organ Systems A group of organs come together to function as a system. 82
Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food into usable nutrients and expels the wastes. Click here for a short video on the digestive system. 83
Circulatory System The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. It includes the heart, the veins, the arteries, capillaries and blood. Click here for a short video on the circulatory system. 84
Skeletal System The skeletal system is in charge of providing support for the body. Its joints allow for movement. The skeletal system also produces all the red blood cells for the body, and protects all the major organs. Click here for a short video on the skeletal system. 85
Muscular System The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It handles the movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. Click here for a short video on the muscular system. 86
Respiratory System The respiratory system brings in oxygen to be carried by the red blood cells. It also gets rid of all waste gases from the body. Click here for a short video on the respiratory system. 87
29 Which organ system breaks down food? A digestive B skeletal Answer C respiratory A D muscular 88
30 Without this system, your body would have no shape: A muscular B respiratory Answer D C digestive D skeletal 89
31 This system brings in oxygen carried by red blood cells: A skeletal Answer B respiratory B C muscular D digestive 90
Structure of Life Cells combine to create Tissues that form Organs that work together in Organ systems that make up Organisms 91
Organ Systems Activity Parts I and II 92
Information Processing in Living Systems Return to Table of Contents 93
Information Processing Organisms have multiple levels of structure and organization. In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. How do all of these systems communicate with one another to function as a whole and respond to their environment? In animals, sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories. 94
Information Processing In humans a network of cells called neurons transmit information in the form of electrical signals. Neurons are the cells that make up the nervous system. The brain has billions of neurons that connect with thousands of other cells. 95
Information Processing The nervous system has two major components: Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the main processing center for information Peripheral Nervous System connects the CNS to limbs and organs. Click here for a short video on the nervous system. 96
Sensory Stimuli There are three main forms of sensory stimulation that activate sensory systems in multicellular organisms: mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic. These 3 types of sensory stimulation happen in all of our bodies sometimes at the same time! 97
Mechanical Stimuli Examples of mechanical stimuli include: Vibrations Physical Pressure 98
Chemical Stimuli Examples of chemical stimuli include: Food chemicals Oderants & Pheromones 99
Electromagnetic Stimuli Examples of electromagnetic stimuli include: Light Heat 100
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