Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Life Cycle Assessment of Micro/Nano products Nanotechnology and OSWER: New Opportunities and Challenges Stig Irving Olsen, M.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management NANO•DTU, Technical University of Denmark With contributions from Michael Søgaard Jørgensen and Michael Hauschild, IPL, NANO•DTU Antonio Franco and Steffen Foss Hansen, E&R, NANO•DTU Stig Irving Olsen 1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Outline Why environmental assessments in life cycle perspective are important LCA overview Exemplification of environmental issues in micro and nano production Product cases on fullerenes Other studies Conclusion and the way forward Stig Irving Olsen 2 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 51 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Potential benefits of nano technology Material science: strength, hardness, flexibility, heat conductivity/resistance, electrical conductivity/resistance. Medicine and biology : nano-engineered biomolecules and structures can let medicine for the first time intervene in a sophisticated and controlled way at the cellular and molecular level. disease diagnosis or molecular imaging Information and electronics : minimization of scale of devices, optoelectronics, chips and storage Environment: Improve efficiency of a number of environmental applications such as enhanced and self-cleaning filtration devices for the purification of water, or remediation technologies. Nanoscale solid state sensors and biosensor for detection of pollutants Energy: Improved efficiency of energy usage, devices for enhanced exploitation of solar energy, hydrogen storage, fuel cells or nano-fabricated catalysts Military technology: nanocomputers and nanosensors may allow a more capable surveillance of potential aggressors. Nanotechnological enhancements could make smaller, cheaper and more precise conventional weapons. A better target discrimination could minimize unintended damages in a war scenario Stig Irving Olsen 3 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Improved functionality of materials Improved efficiency of energy production and use Remediation and sensoring Health sciences improvements Reducing use of chemicals Improved information and communication Stig Irving Olsen 4 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 52 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Potential environmental impacts Toxicological risks to humans and the environment Increased exploitation and loss of scarce resources Higher requirement to materials and chemicals Increased energy demand in production lines Increased waste production in top down production Rebound effects (horizontal technology) Increased use of one way systems Disassembly and recycling problems Stig Irving Olsen 5 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Toxicological risks Use of scarce resources Waste in top down production Energy demand in production High requirement to materials and chemicals Rebound effects Disassembly and recycling Stig Irving Olsen 6 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 53 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Balancing the benefits and the impacts Toxicological risks Use of scarce resources Waste in top down production Energy demand in production Improved functionality of materials High requirement to materials and Improved efficiency of energy production chemicals and use Rebound effects Remediation and sensoring Disassembly and recycling Health sciences improvements Reducing use of chemicals Improved information and communication How to find that balance? Stig Irving Olsen 7 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Environmental Assessment Concept – an outline The Master Equation: Supply side (substitution) ∑ Env. impact = P . E . T Eco-efficiency: impact/demand satisfied = ∑ demand . impact/demand satisfied x . y = k = konstant ∑ Env. impact 1989 Generalised criterion for environmental improvement: x . y < k 1999 Demand side (expansion) ∑ demand (After Henrik Wenzel, 2005) Stig Irving Olsen 8 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 54 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark The levels of intervention for Eco-efficiency improvement in the demand- supply chain – a closer look Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 The demand & The human The product The production The The input/output supply chain need/demand process from/to nature The production is the The demand The consumer The product is the The process demand of a series of demands a side demand of a chain of demands the processes/unit product or production facilities resulting input and operations service output The supply The product supplies The production facility The process/unit Nature supplies side the service and supplies the material operation supplies the resources satisfies the or sub-assembly of the the requested and receives the customer demand product properties emissions The system Not targeted by The product system The company/ The individual unit The resource level of Eco-efficiency The product life cycle individual production operation in the consumption & intervention measures The product chain facility in the supply production facility emission from The supply chain chain the individual process Pictograms of sub- Process the four product assembly output intervention levels The product chain The unit operation The emission The production facility Concepts for Process Integration Process Treatment Life Cycle Engineering Eco-efficiency Cleaner Production Intensification Eco-design improvement Waste Minimisation Cleaner Production Design for Environment Stig Irving Olsen (Reproduced from Wenzel and Alting, 2004) 9 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Life Cycle Thinking •What is environmental assessment of products? •How is the environmental impacts of a product assessed? •Why is the environmental impacts from products interesting? Stig Irving Olsen 10 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 55 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical Univers ty of Denmark i St g Irving Olsen i 11 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark Inventory Product system Materials Production Transport Use Disposal • • • • • • • • • • Building blocks of the product system Raw materials/ Energy chemicals Process Product Emissions Waste Stig Irving Olsen 12 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OSWER Session 1: Life Cycle of Nanomaterials New opportunities and challenges Dr. Stig Irving Olsen -- Presentation Slides 56 July 12-13, 2006 Washington DC
Recommend
More recommend
