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Apr 08, 2024 •482 likes •643 views

1-12-2014 TNO The project Why What How FP7 1 1-12-2014 Company: Dutch Organisation for Applied Scientific Research; Knowledge centre on technical, behavioural and life sciences Research groups involved: Materials

  1. 1-12-2014  TNO  The project  Why  What  How FP7 1

  2. 1-12-2014  Company: Dutch Organisation for Applied Scientific Research; Knowledge centre on technical, behavioural and life sciences  Research groups involved: Materials for Integrated Products (MIP), Climate, Air and Sustainability (CAS), and Water Treatment (WT), contributing with their expertise on multi-material (electronic) components, eco- efficiency assessment and purification technologies FP7  RECLAIM: “ Reclamation of Gallium, Indium and Rare-Earth Elements from Photovoltaics, Solid-State Lighting and Electronics Waste”  Objectives: ◦ Technological solutions that relieve current bottlenecks in the recycling of gallium, indium and rare-earth elements ◦ Demonstration of their application potential by means of a pilot implementation in an industrial setting FP7 2

  3. 1-12-2014  Role: Technological development of disconnection processes for electronic components (WP2) and recovery processes (WP3) for gallium and indium; economical/ecological studies to assess the impact of developed methodologies and technologies (WP4); consortium co-ordination (WP7) FP7  Duration: 4 years  Start date: 1-1-2013  Resources: 596 person months  Costs: 7 Million EUR (4.7 EU)  Partners: 12*  Countries: 6* FP7 3

  4. 1-12-2014  Targeted results: ◦ Separation methods for electronic assemblies that reduce manual work (>80% automation) ◦ Subsequent recovery methods that yield recycled materials of commercial-grade quality (>99- 99.99%, depending on the element), apt to fit an industrial context and being environmentally compliant FP7  How: ◦ Development of (mech/thermal) disconnection & sorting methods, part recognition methods and hydrometallurgical refining processes ◦ Impact assessments on High-value Recycling routes, Economic aspects and Eco-efficiency Decision support FP7 4

  5. 1-12-2014 The intensification of recycling activities for this kind of waste in Europe will bring some relief to the environmental disaster and exploitation of people under unhealthy and harsh working conditions in such regions as Guiyu (often referred to as “the E -waste capital of China” or “electronics graveyard”) and may mark the end of this intrinsically unsustainable practice. FP7 Projected growth for Gallium um and Indi dium um, indicating that global supply will increasingly lag behind on demand if the current circumstances pertain. Growing demand driven by PV, SSL (light- emitting diodes, or LEDs) and electronics (integrated circuits) for gallium and by PV and electronics (LCDs) for indium FP7 5

  6. 1-12-2014 Yttrium rium and Euro ropium pium being the most important rare earths for lighting applications, this places a particular emphasis on the availability of these specific key metals World-wide supply and demand forecasts for Yttrium (left) and Europium (right) FP7  Dilute concentrations in ores of other minerals (Bastnäsite, Monazite, ..)  Reserves around the world: Chn 36%, Rus 19%, US 13%, Aus 5%  World production 2010 125 kton  95% produced by China Export quota decreasing -35%/yr  Need for increased production other countries or recycling (e.g fluorescent lighting phosphors) FP7 6

  7. 1-12-2014  Scarce, critical for EU (EC 2010)  ITO (84%) Indium Tin (transparant) Oxide for Indium based LED’s, Optical data transmission, FP/LCD displays (75%)  5% of the Indium is used in electrical components and semiconductors  81% of import to EU from China  By-product of Zn, Pb ans Sn production  Worldwide production ~550 tons  Price ~500..900 US$/kg strongly fluctuating  Recycling scrap 700 tons, ~70% reclaim potential FP7  US: 74% in IC’s (mainly compound semiconductor GaAs), 25% in optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, LED’s)  Mining coupled to production of bulk Al (Bauxite, Al2O3) and from Zn ore  In 2010: ◦ Primary 106 tons (50-75% China, rest Eu, Rus) ◦ Refinery 177 tons (China, US, Jpn) ◦ Recycling 141 tons (increasing)  Prices ~500US$/kg  Worldwide demand mainly PV and IC FP7 7

  8. 1-12-2014  Phosphors for lighting powders  100% Eu applied in coloring fluorescent lamps, CRT screens  Price ◦ Y >100 US$/kg ◦ Eu 600..1000 US$/kg FP7 Allocat cation n of the targeted eted key y metals in curr rrent nt and prospec pectiv tive e E-waste te types pes FP7 8

  9. 1-12-2014  General process scheme for the recovery of the key metals FP7 FP7 9

  10. 1-12-2014  Objective: Selection of e-waste streams  Collection of data concerning the metals of interest in electronic waste. As a result, a selection has been made of (green) electronic products that are of interest using as starting materials to develop: flat panel displays, printed circuit board, solar cells and lighting powders. SELECTED WASTE STREAMS KEY METALS Flat Panel Displays indium Printed Circuit Boards neodynium, yttrium, tantalum, … Energy Efficient Lighting yttrium, europium High Efficient Solar cells (CIGS) indium, gallium FP7  Setups for lab-scale processes for disconnection and sorting of E-waste parts and components (target 80%)  Pre-treatment  Disconnection  Recognition/Sorting  Evaluation  Necessary steps prior to Recovery FP7 10

  11. 1-12-2014  Technological concepts for melting, delamination, optical and spectroscopic principles FPD panel after manual dismantling  CIGS solar cell FP7  Printed circuit board with mixed components types to be studied by means of different identification techniques FP7 11

  12. 1-12-2014  Fluorescent lamp powders are obtained by crushing and sieving for optimization of the recovery process, resulting in higher concentrated powder for re-use  Flat Panel Display: hidden target metals FP7  Lab/bench-scale processes of processes for release of the target metals from E-waste parts and components (efficiency target 95%) REE/REO EO for Re-use  Release  Concentration and purification (remove contaminations, purity target 99%)  Evaluation FP7 12

  13. 1-12-2014 Europium and Yttrium metals and some other valuable salts are present in the powder coating on the inner surface of the glass tubes of fluorescent lamps FP7  Methodologies and selection of- and recommendations for end-of-life routes have been investigated including already some first estimates of commercial and economical aspects.  Recycling routes  Environmental assessment Decision support tool  Economical assessment  Eco-efficiency profiles FP7 13

  14. 1-12-2014  Eco-efficiency profiles for high-value recycling routes that give directions for optimal closed-loop recycling  Example FP7 WP starts in 2015 Separation, sorting and/or Recovery Financial aspects  Gallium/Indium Pilot plant (PV/FPD)  Yttrium/Europium Pilot plant (Lighting)  EL components FP7 14

  15. 1-12-2014 FP7 For more information contact RECLAIM project coördinator Marc van Kleef Marc.vankleef@tno.nl FP7 15

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