Designs for Lighting Ltd Standards & Energy Efficiency for the Lighting of Road Tunnels John Rands CEng MILP www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Topics Discussed • Defining a Road Tunnel • The Task and Challenges • Requirements and Standard Application • Energy initiatives www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is a road tunnel ? In simplistic terms a road tunnel is any stretch of a highway that is covered thereby restricting natural daylight. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd • Under waterways • Through hillsides • Under urban structures • Road intersections • Under railways • +Any combination of above ! www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is the key issue for road tunnels users? Drivers of vehicles, should be able to approach, pass through and exit the tunnel with the same speed, degree of safety and comfort as on the open approach road . www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is required ? Answer – Lighting within the tunnel, by either natural or artificial means. Or perhaps a combination of both ? www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Challenges and Considerations for lighting a road tunnel. • User Safety • Sustainability • Visual Task • Energy Management • Light Pollution • Environmental Issues • Aesthetics • Other Services • Technical Feasibility • Conflict Areas • Whole Life Cost • Lighting Standards www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ “At best, any standard can only be a written record of best practice at the time of writing.” www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ As a comparison, current road lighting standards can generally address the vast majority of roadway lighting configurations, however......... Tunnel structures are so diverse in build and use that it is difficult if not impossible, for any single ‘standard’ to cover every conceivable eventuality without some degree of engineering judgement being required ! www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ As such a ‘standard’ is potentially unable to consistently address the requirements of:- • 100% of all structures • Evolving new technologies • Innovation www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ It’s acknowledged that professional guidance is vital when considering the demands for the visual task of users, especially critical in road tunnels. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd A very important issue to be borne in mind for any discipline, is that an incident occurring within a road tunnel can have vastly more severe consequences to life and property than an identical incident on an open road! www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ Mandatory ? Generally a tunnel lighting standard is a Code of Practice (CoP). www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ Mandatory ? Albeit generally not mandatory, once included within a project contract specification, the standard becomes binding for all parties. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Contract Impact While most likely still compliant with lighting standards, the type of construction contract employed may not give the ultimate owner best lifetime value! www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Current Tunnel Lighting Standards Worldwide base: CIE 88:2004 European: CR14380:2003 UK: BS 5489- 2:2003/8 (Under Review 2015) Other countries have their own versions normally based on CIE 88 principles. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Where does this take us ? Generally, long tunnels are dealt with reasonably well within most standards. Known issues in standards have been experienced for ‘short’ tunnels. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd What defines a short tunnel? European UK UK UK HA International Italy AS/NZS CR14380 5489:7, 1992 5489:2-2003 Part 9 BD 78/99 CIE 88:2004 UNI 11095 1158.52007 <25m not normally <25m not normally <25m not normally <25m not normally <25m not normally No lighting if tunnel Tunnel or lit, Fig 8 for 25m- lit, LTP 25m-200m, lit, LTP 25m-200m, >150m lit, Fig 4.1 for 25- lit, Fig 4.1 for 25- Length <10xPortal Underpass 100m, Long ∴ >200m Long ∴ >200m 125m, Long >125m 125m, Long >125m Height Long ∴ >100m Length, Visible Exit, Length, Visible Exit, Daylight Penetration, Daylight Penetration, Criteria LTP LTP + Traffic Flow Fig 2.2, STP (=LTP) Wall reflectance, Wall reflectance, Traffic Traffic www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Defining a short tunnel Short tunnels can be ‘physically’ short but more importantly for the drivers visual task, is that a physically short tunnel can in fact be a ‘visually’ long tunnel ! www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Tunnel Lighting Arrangement L in Night L 20 View from SD ∴ L th could be >400 cd/m 2 www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Portal Luminance (L 20 ) L 20 = AL / A = 4,060 cd/m 2 www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Portal Luminance (L 20 ) www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Entrance Requirements www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Standards Further Considerations • Standards fluid with updates & harmonisation. • Consideration of potential benefit of applying any new standard on existing schemes. • Engineering judgements need to be applied when project doesn't ‘fit ’ the standard. • Other countries standards may table a more appropriate solution*. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Coventry Ring Road DIN - Lichtschleusen (Light Injection) www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd DIN - Lichtschleusen (Light Injection) www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Lighting Styles Line Lighting - Interior • High interior ‘Comfort Factor’. • Preferred by most users. • Exceeds uniformity requirements • High cost. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Lighting Styles Point Source Interior / Boost • Lower interior ‘Comfort Factor’. • Mixed views by users. • Meets uniformity requirements • Lower cost. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd European Initiatives CEDR Transnational Road Research Programme Realistic Energy Efficient Tunnel Solutions: REETS www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Current REET Partners www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Overview of Aims and Objectives Identify opportunities to reduce operational energy consumption in tunnels From a tunnel ‘element’ perspective (lighting, ventilation, drainage, building services etc.) Maintain (or increase) current levels of driver safety and comfort Assess the feasibility of the most promising technologies To consider carbon and cost benefits in the operational phase (on a life cycle basis for the technology) From an energy provision & storage perspective From an automotive / driver perspective www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Operational energy consumption Potential Saving LED (Research Eindhoven University) www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Considering LED Solar contributions Means to reduce Threshold value requirements Closed Loop Feed Back of Control systems Dynamic UPS systems Road Surface Materials www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Previous Research www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Portal Screens www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Kingsway Tunnel - Wallasey Portal 3,500 3,000 Screen vs. Open Road Luminance - Cd/m2 2,500 2,000 Open Road Screen 1,500 Calc L Th1 1,000 500 0 www.designsforlighting .co.uk
Designs for Lighting Ltd Cross Discipline Consultation If anything positive is to come out of such research and initiatives, by far the most positive route for applying any impending technology, is to adopt an early, active and focused multidiscipline rapport where the +/- impact of one discipline can be understood and embraced by others for the advantage of the project as a whole. www.designsforlighting .co.uk
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