SOLARIZED HYDROGEN BY Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jameel Ahmad Khan Fellow, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SOLARIZED HYDROGEN BY Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jameel Ahmad Khan Fellow, IAHE Jul uly y 1, 1, 20 2017 17 1

HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM: A CLEAN AND PERMANENT ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2 Source: IAHE

Water Electrolysis SPLITTING WATER INTO ITS COMPONENT ATOMS REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN IS CONTAINED IN THE HYDROGEN 3

CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY ❖ The production of Chemical energy from sun light at environmental temperatures has been a challenge – as old as the origin of life on earth ❖ An efficient Solar energy conversion can only be accomplished by a quantum system. (A single quantum absorber to convert approx. 31% of the incident solar energy into useful work) 4

STRATEGIC CHOICE “Developing countries face a fundamental choice. They can mimic the industrial countries, and go through a development phase that is dirty and wasteful and creates an enormous legacy of pollution. Or they can leapfrog over some of the steps followed by industrial countries and incorporate modern efficient technologies” “The Human Development Report.” The United Nations Oxford University Press, September, 1998 5

WHY HYDROGEN? Hydrogen is attracting the attention of public authorities and private industry as a clean energy carrier that can be produced from any primary energy source and, together with fuel cell, which are very efficient energy conversion devices, is The emergence and growth of the so- called “hydrogen economy” holds great promise of meeting simultaneously concerns over security of supply and climate change. Security of energy supply – Hydrogen opens up access to a broad range of primary energy sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear energy and, increasingly, renewable energy sources (e.g. wind, solar, ocean, and biomass), thus enhancing energy security through increased diversity. Hydrogen and electricity also allow interoperability and flexibility in balancing centralised and decentralised power, based on managed intelligent grids, and power for remote locations (e.g. island and mountain sites). 6

WHY HYDROGEN? (CONTD.) Air quality and health improvement – Vehicles and stationary power generated fuelled by hydrogen are zero- emission devices at the point of use, with consequential benefits for local air quality. Greenhouse gas reduction – Hydrogen can be produced from carbon – free or carbon – neutral energy sources or from fossil fuels with carbon dioxide capture and storage (sequestration). Thus, the use of hydrogen could eventually eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. Ensure economic competitiveness – Development and sales of energy systems are also major components of wealth creation, from automobiles to complete power stations, creating substantial employment and export opportunities, especially for the industrialising nations. 7

Comparison of Key Properties of Hydrogen And Other Fuels Fuel Type Energy per unit Energy per unit Motivity factor Specific carbon volume (MJ/m³) emission mass (MJ/kg) (kg C/kg fuel) 1.00 141.90 10.10 0.00 Liquid hydrogen 1.00 141.90 0.013 0.00 Gaseous hydrogen 0.78 45.50 38.65 0.84 Fuel oil 0.76 47.40 34.85 0.86 Gasoline 0.75 35.30 – 46.50 Jet fuel 0.62 – 48.80 24.40 LPG 0.61 – 50.00 23.00 LNG 0.23 22.30l 18.10 0.50 Methanol 0.37 29.90 23.60 0.50 Ethanol – 37.00 33.00 0.50 Bio diesel 0.75 50.00 0.04 0.46 Natural gas – – 30.00 0.50 Charcoal 8

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POLLUTANTS PRODUCED BY THREE ENERGY SYSTEMS 10

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SOME FEEDSTOCK AND PROCESS ALTERNATIVES 14

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PV – HYDROGEN POWER & HEATING SYSTEM (DISTRIBUTED STAND – ALONE) Solar Energy Hydrogen Tank PV PEM Electrolyzer Fuel Cell H 2 Electrical Load Heating & Cooking 16

Funktionsschema der Anlage 17

PEM ELECTROLYZER Separator Separator 18 Source: IAHE 31 (2006)

Schematic Representation of PEM Electrolysis and Fuel Cell Processes Source: Solar Energy 78 (2005) 19

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Typical Data and Figures for Hydrogen Production Technologies Current H Annual Production: 65 million tonnes per year, equivalent to 8EJ 2 (less than 2% of world total primary energy supply); 48% from natural gas, 30% refinery-gas/chemicals, 18% coal, 4% electrolysis Source: IEA April 2007 22

Conversion Efficiency of 1 kg Hydrogen to Electricity 23

Average Solar Hydrogen Production Efficiencies of Photovoltaic Systems with a Range of V Directly Connected to a PEM Electrolyzer. mpp 24 Source: IAHE Volume 33, Issue 21 (November 2008)

Hydrogen Costs via Electrolysis with Electricity Costs Only 25

Levelized H pump prices for distributed PV electrolysis plants with variation in 2 insolation levels and distributed electrolyser plant electricity sources. 26 Source: IAHE 32 (2007)

Distributed Hydrogen Production Electrolysis 27

Comparison of H Fuel Operating Cost with Price of Gasoline. 2 (24 mpg gasoline vehicle at $2.16/gal. gasoline price) 28

FUEL COST FUEL RATE COST (Rs / GJ) (As on MAY 7, 2017) ❖ CRUDE OIL a) US $ 46 / bbl 644 b) US $ 100 / bbl 1,400 ❖ CNG Rs 71 / kg 1,420 ❖ LPG Rs 115 / kg 2,330 ❖ DIESEL Rs 84 / l 2,199 ❖ GASOLINE Rs 74 / l 2,166 ❖ HYDROGEN a) US $ 3 / kg 2,003 b) US $ 2 / kg 1,335 ❖ ELECTRICITY a) Rs 6 / kWh 1,670 b) Rs 15 / kWh 4,175 29

Hydrogen Infrastructure Costs Technology Cost Storage (3 days) 6 – 18 $/GJ Liquid 2 – 4.5 $/GJ Compressed gas 3 – 7 $/GJ Metal hydrides Transport 0.1 – 0.5 $/GJ/100 km Pipeline 0.2 – 1.5 $/GJ/100 km Liquid truck 4.9 – 29.4 $/GJ/100 km Gas truck 2.6 – 16.4 $/GJ/100 km Metal hydrides truck Distribution 4 – 6 $/GJ Refuelling station 30

Development of the Electricity Cost of New Plants of Different Power Technologies 31

Investment Cost of Power Technologies Including Decommissioning Discounted Over Lifetime 32

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Light Vehicular Use of Hydrogen, 2000 – 2050, Based on the Optimistic Vision of the Committee. 34

PLAN FOR TRANSITION RURAL ENERGISATION THROUGH SOLAR HYDROGEN • Integration of Photovoltaic & Hydrogen Systems Introduction of Distributed & Stand – alone Systems • Use of PV – Systems for electricity generation • Use of PV – Systems for production of Drinking Water Via • Reverse Osmosis Units • On Site Hydrogen Production & Storage • Use of Hydrogen as fuel Use of Hydrogen for energy conversion devices – Gensets • & Fuel Cells for Electricity Generation Use of Hydrogen in combustion devices – cooking ranges • 35 (Inline with IEA Recommendations, May, 2008.)

DEFORESTATION RATE IN PAKISTAN (HIGHEST IN WORLD) ❖ Estimated at 0.2 – 0.5% annually (4-6% decline in its wood biomass per annum) ❖ The total natural forest reduced from 3.59 mha to 3.32 mha (average rate: 27,000 ha/year) ❖ Alarming speed of deforestation (All the forest area will be consumed within next 15 years) ❖ Deforestation attributed mostly (81.8%) to firewood consumption by rural population 36

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Toshiba releases “H2One™ Truck Model”, Hydrogen -Based Autonomous Energy Supply System loaded on Truck -- Improved mobility suitable for ensuring flexible energy supply in case of disaster . Overview of H2One™ Overview of H2One™ Key system specifications Hydrogen tank storage capacity : 250Nm 3 Electricity output : 19kWe Power storage capacity : 422kWeh 38

Toshiba H2One™ Hydrogen Based Autonomous Energy Supply System Now Providing Power to the City of Yokohama's Port & Harbor Bureau Overview of H2One™ 39

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