CPUC Workshop for Hydrogen Renewable Natural Gas Friday, May 24, 2019
Hydrogen 101 Hydrogen Fast Facts Hydrogen Benefits Hydrogen End‐Uses •Most common element •Can be produced from •Fuel Cell Vehicles in the universe diverse set of sources •Power Generation using a variety of •Cannot be found in its •Stationary Fuel Cells process technologies natural state, must be •Long‐Term, Super‐Bulk manufactured •Clean alternative fuel Energy Storage for internal combustion •About 14 times lighter •Rocket Fuel engines than air •Oil Refining •Reduces emissions— • Lowest density of all •Fertilizer oxidized to water with gasses no emissions • Difficult to contain & monitor, due to density •Tasteless, odorless, colorless 2
Benefits of Hydrogen Energy Storage • Scalable: using pipelines to store hydrogen allows for quick scaling of storage • Benefits the electric grid • Fast‐acting: frequency regulation; valuable ancillary services to support intermittent renewable production • Dispatchable supply and load: provides grid flexibility for load following, peaking, and demand response • Congestion relief: more easily move renewable power from remote locations to demand centers without building new electric transmission • Long‐term storage: will be necessary when renewables exceed 60% • Flexibility • Storage • Vehicle fuel • Industrial applications (fuel refining, metal/glass production, fertilizer, etc.) • Zero emissions: no carbon emissions; no local air quality impacts from fuel cells 3
Green Hydrogen and Energy Storage 4
Global Arena 5
Utility‐Specific Knowledge and Work 6
Hydrogen Blending Status Southwest Gas participation in Industry RNG Research New topic for Southwest Gas Southwest Gas participation in new Industry Research on Hydrogen through Gas Technology Institute (GTI) • Hydrogen Effects on Metallic Materials • Hydrogen Blending Working Group Regular meetings between California Utilities
PG&E Hydrogen Research and Development Current Collaborative R&D Efforts • Developing generation technologies • Exploring H 2 to methane technologies • Examining safety impact and developing quality standards and measurement equipment for retrofitting natural gas pipe to accept higher levels of hydrogen • Defining interconnection process and requirements • Developing H 2 / CH 4 separation technologies for delivery of pure H 2 Future Collaborative R&D Needs • Develop gas measurement devices for H 2 blend • Adapt end-use equipment for H 2 blend and/or pure H 2 • Develop vehicle fueling stations 8 • INTERNAL
SoCalGas Vision Be the cleanest natural gas utility in North America » Balanced Energy approach to create a resilient, reliable, and affordable infrastructure for our energy future. » Using green hydrogen technology, California can capture the excess wind and solar energy to be used when it is needed most. The excess wind and solar power can be converted into green hydrogen, which can be used alone, or mixed with traditional natural gas, or combined with excess carbon dioxide (CO2) to be stored in the current natural gas pipeline infrastructure. » Prior to introducing more hydrogen to SCG/SDG&E natural gas system, we are pursuing further studies distinctly profiled for the SCG/SDG&E gas system to understand impact of variability and dynamics. 9
SoCalGas Hydrogen Research Areas » Renewables Biomass to hydrogen » Hydrogen Generation Electrolysis Solar steam methane reforming Methane pyrolysis » Gas Infrastructure Pipeline materials impact Gas blending » Hydrogen Vehicles Fuel Cell electric vehicle development Fueling station infrastructure » Power generation Residential and commercial stationary fuel cells Hydrogen blending for DG » Heating Hydrogen blending for residential and commercial space and water heating 10
SoCalGas Hydrogen RD&D Highlights » UC Irvine hydrogen blending demonstration 60kW electrolyzer with gas blending Prof. Jack Brouwer demonstrates the inner workings of UCI’s electrolyzer » Methane Pyrolysis for zero-carbon hydrogen and carbon nanotubes CH 4 → C(s) + 2H 2 Microscopic image of carbon nanotube growth on catalyst surface » Hydrogen Micro-Cities demonstration Deploy hydrogen generation, storage, and fuel cell to increase microgrid resiliency Containerized Stationary Fuel Cell for power generation to support a microgrid 11
Partnerships & Key Studies Partner Scope Blending of Hydrogen into Natural Gas Delivery Systems (2018) AGA/CGA: Hydrogen Blending into the Natural Gas Network – A Risk Analysis (2010) Gas Technology Institute: Initial Assessment of the Effects of Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas on Properties and Operational Safety (2015) HYREADY: Engineering Guidelines – For the preparation of natural gas systems for hydrogen / NG mixtures (2018) University of California, Irvine: Pilot project for power-to-gas with solar PV DNV-GL: Mathematical demonstration of the amount of hydrogen that can be added to natural gas (2017) University of Southern California: Hydrogen Embrittlement Literature Review (2014) Permeability and Porosity Measurements of Gas Storage Rock Samples (2010) University of Illinois at Urbana- Evaluating Hydrogen Embrittlement of Pipeline Steels (2016) Champaign: Sandia National Laboratories: Hydrogen Effects on Materials for CNG / H2 Blends (2010) Colorado State University: Impact of H2-NG Blending on Lambda Sensor NSCR Control and Lean Burn Emissions (2015) NYSEARCH RANGE™ Interchangeability study for hydrogen-natural gas blends on SoCalGas customer equipment. 12
The Path Forward 13
Common Variable System Elements Issues that apply to most Utility Systems: • Long-Term System Integrity Impacts • Industrial Customers, NGVs, and System Equipment • End-Use Appliances (Residential and Commercial) • Regulatory Rules and Tariffs Utility Systems have variability in pipeline and equipment characteristics and customer equipment profiles. 14
Current Knowledge of Limits* Turbine, 30% H 2 Microturbine, 1% H 2 NGV Engine (sparkplugs), 0.03% H 2 Mit subishi Capst one Cummins West port Turbine, 5% H 2 Valves, Flanges, 10% H 2 Turbine, 4% H 2 General Elect ric S olar Turbines Meters, 30% H 2 CARB 2292.5 CNG spec, 0.1% H 2 Plastic Pipe, 30% H 2 Steel Pipe, 5 to 20% H 2 Low Risk High Risk * Limits are determined by external parties through lab environment or new installation and therefore not conclusive for California utility systems. Warrants further studies distinctly profiled for the variability and dynamics of each utilities’ natural gas system. 15
More Research Needed 16
Renewable Methane & Hydrogen Injection Standards? What information is needed in order to develop and finalize what standards should apply to interconnecting and authorizing the injection of renewable methane/carbon‐free (green) hydrogen projects into the natural gas pipeline system? 17
Renewable Methane & Hydrogen Injection Standards? Path forward should include: • Joint utility and stakeholder work group on research and action plan • Study to examine • Safety concerns associated with blending hydrogen into the existing natural gas pipeline system • Maximum hydrogen blend levels at which no or minor modifications would be needed for natural gas infrastructure and end‐use systems • Impacts on durability of existing natural gas pipeline system associated with exposure to hydrogen • Impacts of hydrogen on natural gas pipeline leakage rates • Impact on steel valves, fittings, welds, and other materials due to hydrogen embrittlement • Impact of hydrogen on permeability of storage rock and of the compatibility of the full range of hydrogen blend fractions on storage infrastructure • Impact on pipelines under cathodic protection • Existing international hydrogen blending and injection studies, activities, and regulations • Pilot projects 18
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