Social Pr Social Protection otection: : Conc Concepts and Lif epts and Lifec ecycle le Appr pproac oach Moha Mohammad mmad Khaled Khaled Hasa Hasan Social Protection Specialist (Deputy Secretary) SSPS Programme, Cabinet Division
Ear Earliest S liest Social ocial Pr Protection otection Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription (3rd Century BC) Tela (oil), duma (tree), dhanya (paddy) and two varieties of small coins to be deposited in storehouse. As provisions against any emergency caused by flood, fire and devastation of paddy by parrots.
Wha hat is S t is Social ocial Pr Protection otection Policies and programmes designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people's exposure to risks, and enhancing their capacity to manage economic and social risks, such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability and old age (UN).
Wha hat is S t is Social ocial Pr Protection otection A specific set of actions to address the vulnerability of people’s life through social insurance…, social assistance… and inclusion efforts…(NSSS)
Pover erty ty Poverty is the total absence of opportunities, accompanied by high levels of undernourishment, hunger, illiteracy, lack of education etc. Poverty is usually measured in two ways: • A set of constant Absolute standard poverty • 1.90 $ a day • Percentage of average Relative income Poverty • 50-60% of median income
Vulner ulnerability bility Vulnerability is a combination of exposure to shocks and stresses, susceptibility or sensitivity to such adverse events. While poverty describes the state of affairs in the present day, vulnerability is concerned with what the situation could be in future with respect to poverty.
Types of ypes of Social Pr Social Protection otection Social Assistance • Cash transfer • Social Pensions • In-kind transfers Social Insurance Other types • Medical insurance • Subsidies • Old age Pensions • Price support • Unemployment benefit • Survivors’ assistance Labour Market Informal Social Intervention Protection • Job centres • Community based SP • Training • Charity • Compensation
Social P Social Prote otection ction & & Social S Social Ser ervices vices Social Services Social Education Health protection Social Social Social justice assistance insurance Cash transfers Unemployment Social rights • • • Access to social insurance Non- • • services Social Security discrimination •
Soci Social Insur al Insurance ance Social insurance is a programme where risks are transferred to and pooled mostly by government organizations. Insurance programme has the following characteristics: • The benefits, eligibility requirements, and other aspects of the programme are defined by statute; • Explicit provision is made to account for income and expenses (often through a trust fund); • It is usually contributory. • Many programmes are funded by the government. • Participation is often compulsory for particular groups.
Social Assist Social Assistance ance Social assistance is a type of social protection in which non-contributory, tax-financed, regular and predictable cash or in-kind resources are transferred to poor and vulnerable individuals or households . Cash and in-kind allowances, school feeding and public works programmes are usually included in this type of programmes. Social Assistance is need based, not based on contribution. It is provided to people who may not be covered by social insurance. • Medicare in USA is an example of social insurance • Mediaid in USA is an example of social assistance
Social Pr Social Protection Fu otection Functions nctions • providing relief • averting from deprivation deprivation (e.g. (e.g. income savings clubs, benefits, state social insurance) pensions) Protective Preventive Transformative Promotive • social equity and • enhancing inclusion, incomes and empowerment capabilities (e.g. and rights (e.g. inputs) labour laws)
Impact Impacts of s of Social Pr Social Protec otection tion Pover erty ty reduction eduction Human Human Economic Econo mic ca capital pital ref efor orm Social Social Liv Livelihoo elihoods ds coh cohesion esion Econo Economic mic Risk Ris k resili esilience ence ma mana nagem gement ent
Two Br o Broad A oad Appr pproac oaches hes Lifecycle Approach Poor Relief Approach • Initiated in UK in 1945 Used in 19 th century • • Used across Europe; developed countries; Adopted in some also, in a range of • developing countries; developing countries – Mexico, Colombia; • Long term planning - programs directed at Short term planning- • particular stages of the tries to resolve poverty life cycle; immediately; • Focus resources on particular lifecycle risks No focus – usually fails • because of large targeting errors and small budgets.
Lif Lifec ecycle F le Framew amewor ork • Unsafe birth • Child labour • Less natal care Pregnancy • Violence • Wasting & • Drop out Childhood • Stunting • Abuse School • Less mental • Orphan Age development • Frailty; illness Old • Medical costs Age • No income Covariate • Discrimination; Risks • Neglect • Disasters • Climate change • Food Price Shocks • Unemployment • Illness • No training Youth • Disability • Unemployment Working • Debt • Alienation Age • No insurance • Gender discrimination
‘ ’ Sen Sensitivity sitivity in in Ear Early y De Develop elopmen ment t of of Childr Children en Binocular vision Central auditory sys Habitual Emotional con responding High Sym Language Emotional control Peer social skil Symbol Relative quant Peer social skills Relative quantity Low 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Years
Univ Univer ersal sal Dec Declar laration of tion of Human Human Rights Rights Everyone, as a member of society, … has the right to social security through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality (Article 22)
Con Constit stitution ution of of Ban Banglades ladesh ….the right to social security, that is to say to public assistance in cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases. Art 15d
The Social Protection Floors Voluntary Insurance Mandatory Social Insurance/Social Security Benefits of Guaranteed Levels for Contributors The FLOOR: Four Essential Guarantees Access to essential Health Care for all Income Security Assistance Income Security Children Unemployed and Poor Elderly and Disabled
Social Pr Social Protection in SDG otection in SDG Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable.
Evolution of Ev olution of Social Pr Social Protection in BD otection in BD Incremental Strategic 2015 • Lifecycle 2000 Based Social • Safety Ladder Protecti 1998 on • Social Safety 1980s Net • Relief + 1970s developme • Poor nt Relief
Limita Limitation of tion of Pr Present Pr esent Practice actice Inefficient Unspecific Proliferation of delivery Leakage goals programmes system Short-term Coordination Targeting Deprivation planning gap errors Ghost Rent Weak M&E Overlapping beneficiary seeking Double dipping
Tar argeting of geting of Beneficiar Beneficiary • Categorical targeting • Self-targeting • Community-based targeting • Household Assessments • Means Test In this method the income and expenditure and the wealth of a household or individual is taken into consideration. • Proxy Means Test (PMT) In this method the economic conditions are assessed based on statistical estimate of the probability of a household being poor. In this process a score card is prepared and the scores indicate the poverty condition of the households.
Social Pr Social Protection C otection Cover erage ge Non poor Near poor 46% Poor 23% Ultra poor 12.9% Social Protection Tk 54,000 Crore 3.5 Crore Peple Food poor 4%
Sing Single R le Registr gistry y MIS MIS 24 Single Registry Result Based Programme M&E MISs Integrated MIS Grievance Redress Fiscal MIS System (GRS) Government to Person (G2P) Cash Transfer
GR GROU OUP W P WORK ORK The participants will be divided into 8 groups for group discussion and presentation. Group discussion and preparation of PPT: 30 Mins Group Presentation: 5 Mins Q/A for each group: 3 Mins Observation of reviewers: 2 Mins
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