Req Elicitation, Documenting Reqs, NatLang Reqs Lecture 3, DAT230, Requirements Engineering Robert Feldt, 2012-09-11 tisdag 11 september 12
Recap • SWEBOK gives overview of SE field • Good for newcomers and if you want to refresh • At master level: Good idea to directly to original sources; less need for “textbook” interpretations • Basic RE terminology in SWEBOK KA number 1 • Stakeholder Identification • Stakeholder analysis: influence & affected, expectations & interests tisdag 11 september 12
What is Req Elicitation? tisdag 11 september 12
What is Req Elicitation? “The art of determining the needs of stakeholders” tisdag 11 september 12
What is Req Elicitation? “The art of determining the needs of stakeholders” “The process of discovering the requirements for a system by communication with stakeholders and through the observation of them in their domain” tisdag 11 september 12
General rules for elicitation • Genuinely care about your stakeholders’ problems • Focus on stakeholder not on you “looking good” • Be human - admit weaknesses, become vulnerable, show humor • Listen - eye contact, don’t glaze over • Expect changes • Maintain a glossary - many req problems from simple misunderstandings/miscommunication tisdag 11 september 12
Information to elicit • Domain description (operating environment) • Business goals ... Technical goals • System boundary (“fit into operational environment?”) • Constraints • Vocabulary • Reqs • Title, description • Rationale, Source, Importance, Benefit, etc... tisdag 11 september 12
Different types of elicited reqs • Discovered: Stakeholder knows req - ReqEng notes it • Created: ReqEng creates based on own knowledge or only little stakeholder info • Extracted: ReqEng uses method to find it • Captured: When verbalized or acknowledged by stakeholder tisdag 11 september 12
Differing abstraction levels tisdag 11 september 12
Differing abstraction levels tisdag 11 september 12
Requirements Abstract Model (RAM) tisdag 11 september 12
Triangulation Use multiple things so that they partly say (and thus supports) the same conclusions (or finds the same problems/conflicts) “things” = methods, info, people, processes, documents, ... tisdag 11 september 12
Triangulation Elicitation Methods Interviews Observation ... Artifacts / Docs People / Stakeholders tisdag 11 september 12
Triangulation Elicitation Methods Interviews Observation ... Artifacts / Docs People / Stakeholders tisdag 11 september 12
Triangulation Elicitation Methods Interviews Observation ... Artifacts / Docs People / Stakeholders tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Interviews Questionnaires Doc analysis Archaeology “Traditional”/ Survey tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Interviews Brainstorming Questionnaires Focus groups JAD/RAD Doc analysis Archaeology Req Workshops “Traditional”/ Group-based Survey tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Observation Apprenticing Conversation analysis Contextual/ Observation tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes Observation Mashups Apprenticing Drawings Conversation analysis Diagramming Contextual/ Prototyping Observation tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Explicit Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Explicit Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Reflective Explicit Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Reflective Explicit Creativity Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Reflective Explicit Creativity Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Consensus Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Reflective Explicit Creativity Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Consensus Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Reactive Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation methods Reflective Explicit Creativity Think-aloud / Interviews Brainstorming Protocol Analysis Questionnaires Focus groups Laddering JAD/RAD Doc analysis Card sorting Consensus Archaeology Req Workshops Repertory grids “Cognitive”/ “Traditional”/ Group-based Introspective Survey Ethnography Reactive Working prototypes I* Observation KAOS Mashups Apprenticing Drawings CREWS Conversation analysis Diagramming Use Cases Implicit Refining Contextual/ Prototyping Model- or Observation Spec-driven tisdag 11 september 12
Hierarchy of (non-group) Elicitation methods tisdag 11 september 12
Elicitation techniques - early Technique Pro Con Know the present & Goals & critical issues, Interviews future ideas, Uncover Subjective conflicts/politics Group Stimulate/complete Censorship & interviews/ each other, Many/ domination, sessions Diverse stakeholders Groupthink Time consuming, Actual current Observation misses exceptional/ behavior, processes usability problems tisdag 11 september 12
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