Refresh your memory! Using coloured pens, match up the defence - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Refresh your memory! Using coloured pens, match up the defence mechanism with its description and example! Activity

Cognitive Perspective An approach to psychology that focuses on the ways in which we perceive, store Humanistic Psychodynamic and respond to information. Notably, the cognitive perspective Behavioural Sociocultural represents the most dominant approach to psychological research Biological today! Cognitive

Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura (1977) Albert Bandura agrees with the behaviourist learning theoriests of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. However, he adds two important points: Mediational learning Processes? 1. Mediational processes occur between stimuli and responses 2. Behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning

Observational Learning Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways. Individuals that are observed are called Models Social Learning • Parents within the family Theory • Characters on children ’ s TV shows • Friends within their peer groups • Teachers at schools

The Bobo Doll Experiment

The study Sample: Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old. Bobo Doll Experiment The researchers tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on several 5-point rating scales. It was then possible to match the children in each group so that they had similar levels of aggression in their everyday behaviour. This is an example of a matched pair design

The study (continuous) Method: The lab experiment was used in which the independent variable (type of model) was manipulated in three conditions: Bobo Doll  Aggressive model shown to 24 children Experiment  Non-aggressive model shown to 24 children  No model (control group) – 24 children

The matched pair design model 72 children 24 non- 24 control group 24 aggressive aggressive role role model [no model] model Female model Male model Female model Male model 6 boys 6 boys 6 boys 6 boys 6 girls 6 girls 6 girls 6 girls

Experimental Stages The experiment took place at three stages: The modelling stage 1. The aggressive arousal stage 2. Bobo Doll The test for delayed imitation stage 3. Experiment

Experimental Stages 24 children watched a male or a female model behaving aggressively towards a toy called a ‘ Bobo doll ’ . The adults attached the Bobo doll in a distinctive manner – they used a hammer in some cases and in other they threw the doll in the air and shouted ‘ Pow Boom ’ . Stage 1: Modelling Another 24 children were exposed to non-aggressive model who played in a quite and subdued manner for 10 minutes (playing in a tinker toy and ignoring the bobo-doll). The final 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) were not exposed to any model. They remain in a room full of toys and they plaued there independenty

Experimental Stages At this stage, all children (including the control group) were subjected to ‘ mild aggression arousal ’ . Each child was (separately) take to a room with relatively attractive toys. Stage 2: Aggressive As soon as the child started playing with these toys, the Arousal experimental told the child that these were the experimental favourite and thus has decided to reserve them for other children!

The next room contained some aggressive toys and some non-aggressive toys. The non-aggressive toys included: A tea set Crayons Plastic farm animals Three Bears Stage 3: Test for The aggressive toys included: delayed Dart guns imitation Mallet Peg Board Three foot Bobo Doll The child was in the room for 20 minutes and their behaviour was observed and rated trough a one-way mirror. Observations were made at 5-second intervals therefore giving 240 responses for each child The experimenters also noted other behaviours that didn ’ t imitate that of the model such as punching the Bobo doll on the nose!

Experimental Results Children who observed aggressive model made far more imitative  aggressive responses than those who were in the non-aggressive or control group There was more partial and non-imitative aggression among those  children who has observed aggressive behaviour, although the differences for non-imitative aggression were small Bobo Doll The girls in the aggressive model condition also showed more physical  Experiment aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal responses if the model was female. However, the exception to this general pattern was the observation of how often they punched the bobo doll and in this case the effects of gender were reversed Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex model than girls. The  evidence for girls imitating same-sex model is not statistically significant. Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. There was little  differences in the verbal aggression between boys and girls

Evaluation: There are three advantages of an experimental method: Experiments are the only means by which cause and effect can be 1. established It allows for precise control of variables. Many variables were 2. controlled such as the gender of the model, the time children observed the model and the behaviour modelled and so on. Experiments can be replicated. By using standardised procedures 3. and instructions, replicability is possible.

Evaluation: limitation Many psychologists are very critical of laboratory studies of imitation - in particular because they tend to have low ecological validity. The situation involves the child and an adult model, which is a very limited social situation and there is no LOW interaction between the child and the model at any point; Ecological certainly the child has no chance to influence the model in Validity any way. Also the model and the child are strangers. This, of course, is quite unlike 'normal' modeling, which often takes place within the family.

Mediational Processes The social learning theory is often described as the bridge between traditional learning theory (i.e. behaviourism) and the cognitive approach because it focuses on how mental (cognitive factors) are involved in learning. Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors, and think about the relationship between their behaviour and its consequences. Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. These mental factors mediate (i.e. intervene) in the learning process to determine whether a new response is acquired.

Cognitive Perspective The Behavioural Perspective: only studies ‘ observable/external behaviour stimulus response The Black Box Behaviourist versus in the behaviour cannot be studied Cognitive environment Perspectives The Cognitive Perspective: scientifically studies internal processes through experimental methods Mediational Output Input Processes behaviour in the environment mental event (e.g. memory)

Compare! Behavioural Cognitive  Focuses on the  Focuses on the observed knowledge behaviour itself underpinning learning Behaviourist versus Cognitive Perspectives  Learners respond to  Learners initiate environmental stimuli (e.g. learning experiences food, toy, an image)  Knowledge is  Knowledge is acquired constructed  Reinforcements are  Reinforcements strengthen sources of feedback the behaviour

Cognitive Perspective The computer analogy The use of the computer as a tool for thinking about how the human mind handles information.

Cognitive Perspective The computer analogy The Computer Analogy Process INPUT OUTPUT

Cognitive Perspective The computer analogy In this process, hardware would be -------------- and software would be -----------------------------

Cognitive Perspective The computer analogy In this process, hardware would be the brain and software would be mental processes In which ways do the brain and computer differ?!

Cognitive Perspective Mental Processes studied by cognitive psychologists  Perception  Attention  Memory  Language  Thinking  Problem Solving

Cognitive Perspective Mental Processes studied by cognitive psychologists  Perception  Attention  Memory A primary focus of research  Language  Thinking  Problem Solving

Cognitive Perspective

Ready to be a witness in court! Let us answer a few questions A man went into the shop up the road. How was he dressed?  Dark clothes  Light clothes  Jeans  I'm not sure Well done if your choice was dark cloths, if Not do not worry, most people did not focus on this bit!

Ready to be a witness in court! A woman parked her car in the street shortly before the crime took place, did you notice her car? Was it one of these? It was the Renault Scenic

Ready to be a witness in court! What colour hair did the woman in the video have? She was  Blonde hair blonde  Dark hair  Red hair  I am not sure!

Ready to be a witness in court! Here are some mugshots, can you pick the first man you saw ran out of the shop?!

Ready to be a witness in court! Let us answer a few questions The criminal is none of them!