PRIORIT Y ARE AS F OR SOCIAL DE VE L OPME NT PE RSPE CT IVE S F ROM AF RICA E UNICE G. KAMWE NDO UNDP RE GIONAL BURE AU F OR AF RICA
Outline Re fle c tio ns o n so c ia l De ve lo pme nt in Afric a a lo ng the fo llo wing 4 pilla rs: Gro wth a nd po ve rty re duc tio n (e mplo yme nt, ine q ua litie s) So c ia l se c to r pro g re ss (he a lth a nd e duc a tio n) pro g re ss in Go ve rna nc e , pe a c e a nd se c urity (Huma n se c urity) Re silie nc e b uilding a nd susta ina b le de ve lo pme nt
SSA’s Quic k fac ts Six of the wor owing e c onomie s (2015) in SSA – E thio pia , ld’s faste st gr Ang o la , Gha na , Mo za mb iq ue , K e nya , Nig e ria DRC, E ia a nd T anzania c o nstitute a lmo st 50% o f the thiopia, Nige r Afric a ’ s po o r Countr ie s with high ine qualitie s (Gini c o e ffic ie nts a b o ve 0.55) – Angola, CAR, Botswana, Zambia, Namibia, Comor os and South Afr ic a Rising ine q ua litie s in Cote d’Ivoir ic a a nd Uganda e , South Afr Southe r ic a fo llo we d b y Nor th , Ce ntr ic a – ha ve n Afr al, E ast and We st Afr the hig he st une mplo yme nt ra te s SSA a c c o unte d fo r 69% (HIV+) a nd 70% HIV r e late d de aths (2011) Hig h ra te o f de a ths fro m the E us, 40% (2015) bola Vir Gre a t pro g re ss in prima ry sc ho o l e nro llme nt ra te s, SSA ha s 38% o f its a dult po pula tio n la c king b a sic e duc a tio n skills (60% fo r wo me n), in 2010.
Pr ogr e ss in Soc ial De ve lopme nt 1. Pove r ty r e duc tion Gr ty: po sitive g ro wth ra te s sinc e 2005 (a ve ra g ing 5% pe r owth and Pove r ye a r), ne c e ssa ry b ut no t suffic ie nt SSA o nly ma na g e d to re duc e po ve rty le ve ls b y just unde r 10% (fro m 56% in 1990, to 48% in 2014). SSA la g s b e hind a ll re g io ns. Glo b a l ta rg e t me t in 2010. Po ve rty re duc e d in a t le a st 24 c o untrie s, no ta b le o ne s Gambia, Bur kina F aso, Nige r , Swaziland, E thiopia, Uganda, Malawi I nc re a se s in CAR, Ke nya, Maur itania, Nige r ia, Zambia, Madagasc ar , sie r r a L e one
Soc ial De ve lopme nt Pr ogr e ss Positive gr owth ha s he lpe d, ho we ve r, not suffic ie nt Afr owth – a fe w sour owth , la rg e ly e xtra c tive industrie s ic a’s gr c e s of gr whic h ha s no t b e e n tra nsfo rma tio na l e no ug h. So fa r, Afric a ’ s tra nsfo rma tio n, has bypasse d industr ialization – mo ve d fro m agr e to se r vic e s, mo stly info rma l; ic ultur Gro wth ha s no t ma na g e d to re spo nd to c ha lle ng e s po se d b y shoc ks, lac k of de c e nt jobs, r apid ur banisation and r ising ine qualitie s.
2. Soc ial Se c tor pr ogr e ss Human De ve lopme nt: pro g re ss in e duc a tio n (prima ry) due to ta rg e te d inve stme nts (Unive rsa l prima ry e duc a tio n) Cha lle ng e s re ma in in pro visio n o f q ua lity o f e duc a tio n a nd ma inta ining tra nsitio n b e twe e n le ve ls. He alth: so me a dva nc e me nt in te rms o f a c hie ving so me he a lth ta rg e ts suc h a s re duc ing the inc ide nc e s o f a nd spre a ding HI V/ AI DS, Ma la ria a nd T B. Cha lle ng e s re ma in in the pro visio n o f q ua lity he a lth c a re a nd a ffe c ting mate rnal and c hild he alth. ormal a nd informal institutio ns ha ve pla ye d a c ritic a l ro le in the two a re a s F ransforming institutions – in e duc a tio n, he a lth, info rma l institutio ns to T re spo nd to so c ia l de ve lo pme nt, a n impe ra tive . ( HIV/ AIDS/ E bola/ e duc ational inte rve ntions) – a mix o f fo rma l a nd info rma l institutio na l re spo nse s pla ye d a c ritic a l ro le .
3. Human Se c ur ity I mpro ve me nts in huma n se c urity in Afric a , fro m initia l c o nditio ns – ho we ve r, c ha lle ng e s re ma in. At le a st 28 SSA c ountr ie s e xpe rie nc e d c o nflic t sinc e 1990, do wn to 6 to - da te ; Pro tra c te d c o nflic ts in CAR, South Sudan, Somalia, DRC, Mali – c o ntrib uting to fra g ility in Afric a . Gr adic alization – Nig e ria (Bo ko Ha ra m), K e nya (Al Sha b a b ) owing r Unre st c a use d b y mo ving po pula tio ns (mig ra tio n i.e . xe no pho b ic a tta c ks in SA, mig ra nt de a ths a t se a ); la c k o f jo b s o r hig h infla tio n Rising ine q ua litie s Vulne ra b ilitie s to sho c ks, disa ste rs e tc . All ha ve the po te ntia l to re ve rse so c ia l pro g re ss
4. Building r e silie nc e So me pro g re ss, ho we ve r pa th to wa rds susta ina b le de ve lo pme nt fo r Afric a re ma ins fra ug ht with risk a nd unc e rta inty E .g . impa c t o f HI V/ AI DS, E b o la , c o nflic ts, c o mmo dity pric e de c line s – dire c t ne g a tive e ffe c ts o n so c ia l de ve lo pme nt Afric a ill pre pa re d to de a l with na tura l disa ste rs a nd c lima te c ha ng e e ffe c ts. K e y issue s 1-3 wo uld he lp b uild re silie nc e Also DRR po lic ie s a nd stra te g ie s tha t a re in pla c e a t na tio na l a nd re g io na l le ve ls, inc luding e a rly wa rning syste ms
Polic y Instr ume nts/ ne w thinking Po ve rty c ha lle ng e : ne e d fo r struc tura l tra nsfo rma tio n a nd e c o no mic tra nsfo rma tio n (inc lusive g ro wth) Huma n c a pita l de ve lo pme nt – inve stme nts in q ua lity he a lthc a re , e duc a tio n a nd so c ia l pro te c tio n Building e ffe c tive institutio ns, inc luding info rma l o ne s – a s a n e na b le r to de ve lo pme nt Re g io na l stra te g ie s to de a l with tra ns-na tio na l/ tra ns-b o rde r issue s (Sa he l, the Ho rn Afric a , Ce ntra l Afric a pe a c e a nd se c urity initia tive s) De ve lo pme nt o f e a rly wa rning syste ms fo r disa ste rs, c o nflic ts e tc . fo r DRR
ume nts/ ne w thinking Polic y Instr Pove r ty c halle nge : ne e d fo r struc tura l tra nsfo rma tio n e c o no mic tra nsfo rma tio n (inc lusive g ro wth) Human c apital de ve lopme nt – inve stme nts in q ua lity he a lthc a re , e duc a tio n a nd so c ia l pro te c tio n Building e ffe c tive institutions , inc luding info rma l o ne s – a s a n e na b le r to de ve lo pme nt Re gional str issue s (Sa he l, ate gie s to de al with tr ans- national/ tr ans- bor de r the Ho rn Afric a , Ce ntra l Afric a pe a c e a nd se c urity initia tive s) De ve lopme nt of e ar ning syste ms fo r disa ste rs, c o nflic ts e tc . fo r ly war DRR
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