Photovoltaics and Electrical Storage Jeffrey S. Tiller, PE and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Photovoltaics and Electrical Storage Jeffrey S. Tiller, PE and Brian Raichle, Ph.D. Appalachian State University tillerjs@appstate.edu For presentation at the Green Energy Conference October 17, 2014

Es Estimated Global Installed C Capacity o of En Energy St Stor orage (from om E Energy gy Storage Assoc ociates p presentation on) Source: StrateGen Consulting, LLC research; thermal storage installed and announced capacity estimated by Ice Energy and Calmac. Note: Estimates include thermal energy storage for cooling only. Figures current as of April, 2010.

Com Comparis ison of of St Stor orage T Tec echnolo logie ies s (Elec ectrical S Storage A Asso sociation) Storage Main Advantages Disadvantages Power Application Energy Application Technology High capacity, independed Low energy density Reasonable for this Fully capable and reasonable Flow batteries power and energy ratings application Sodium-sulfur High power and energy Production cost high, safety Fully capable and Fully capable and reasonable batteries densities, high efficiency concerns reasonable High power and energy High production cost, Fully capable and Feasible, but not quite practical or Li-ion batteries densities, high efficiency requires special charging reasonable economical circuit Other advanced High power and energy High production cost Fully capable and Feasible, but not quite practical or batteries densities, high efficiency reasonable economical Low capital cost Limited life cycle when Fully capable and Feasible, but not quite practical or Lead acid batteries deeply charged reasonable economical High power Low energy density Fully capable and Feasible, but not quite practical or Flywheels reasonable economical High capacity, low cost Special site requirements Not feasible or Fully capable and reasonable Pumped hydro economical Compressed air High capacity, low cost Special site requirements, Not feasible or Fully capable and reasonable energy storage needs gas fuel economical

Gl Glob obal Market Share o e of Ener ergy gy Storage e Develop oper ers

Rea easons s for or el elec ectric ical l stor orage Generation profile = Load profile 1. In such a case, some load shifting is required

Ex Example of D Different P PV Generation and Load

AES S Ener ergy St Stor orage • AES has exceeded 100 Megawatts of installed electrical storage • Dayton Power and Light 40 MW plant (to the left) • Most of their projects used sealed battery systems

Rea easons s for or el elec ectric ical l stor orage Peak shaving is needed to reduce cost of generation 2. In such a case, some load shifting is required

Ex Example of P Peak S Shavi ving with Solar P r PV  Solar Decathlon Europe Project  Appalachian State/ University of Angers (Fr) Project  Taiwan’s Orchid House  Sample rules  Max of 6 kW Photovoltaics  Only receive points if PV production > Electricity consumption  Credit for not using grid electricity between 17:00 and 22:00  Battery storage limited to 5 kWh

ASU SU/ A Angers Sola Solar D Dec ecathlo lon Hou ouse se Un Under er Construction on i in B Boon oone, e, NC NC

Ho House Disassem embled ed

Under r Constru ruction i in F France

The Interi rior

Dedication in France

Tai aiwan Entry i y in n Solar ar De Decathlon 2014: 2014: The Orchid d Hous use

The Taiwan Team Perf rform rmed W Well – 4 t troph phies!

Solar ar De Decathlon E Eur urope 2014: 2014: Key Ru Rule les s for or PV V Systems  Maximum of 5 kW peak  Commercially available system  Batteries limited to 6 kWh of storage  Battery bank inverter < 5 kW

Solar ar De Decathlon E Eur urope 2014 2014 – Points for t r the following:  PV Production > Electricity Consumption  Minimize electricity purchased from the electricity grid from 17:00 to 22:00  Minimize the power demand (in kW) relative to the power supplied (in kW) by the PV system  Maintain temperature and relative humidity in the house throughout the monitoring period

Si Simplif ifie ied PV S V System f for or Sola Solar Dec ecathlo lon Project Inverter, Electrical Grid Controls, and Monitoring Battery Bank

-6000 -4000 -2000 Sola Solar Dec 2000 4000 6000 0 7/03, 01:20 7/03, 02:38 7/03, 03:56 7/03, 05:14 7/03, 06:32 7/03, 07:50 ecathlo 7/03, 09:08 7/03, 10:26 7/03, 11:44 7/03, 13:02 7/03, 14:20 7/03, 15:38 7/03, 16:56 lon H 7/03, 18:14 7/03, 19:32 Production (W) 7/03, 20:50 Hou 7/03, 22:08 7/03, 23:26 7/04, 00:44 ouse 7/04, 02:02 7/04, 03:20 7/04, 04:38 se – 3 Sample D Building Load (W) 7/04, 05:56 7/04, 07:14 7/04, 08:32 7/04, 09:50 7/04, 11:08 7/04, 12:26 7/04, 13:44 7/04, 15:02 7/04, 16:20 Batteries (W) 7/04, 17:38 7/04, 18:56 7/04, 20:14 7/04, 21:32 7/04, 22:50 7/05, 00:08 Days 7/05, 01:26 Grid Power (W) 7/05, 02:44 7/05, 04:02 7/05, 05:20 7/05, 06:38 7/05, 07:56 7/05, 09:14 7/05, 10:32 7/05, 11:50 7/05, 13:08 7/05, 14:26 7/05, 15:44 7/05, 17:02 7/05, 18:20 7/05, 19:38 7/05, 20:56 7/05, 22:14 7/05, 23:32 7/06, 00:50 7/06, 02:08

-5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 Solar D 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 12:00 12:17 r Decathlon P 12:34 12:51 13:08 13:25 13:42 13:59 Production (W) 14:16 14:33 14:50 15:07 Project: Perf 15:24 15:41 15:58 Building Load (W) 16:15 16:32 16:49 17:06 17:23 17:40 17:57 rform 18:14 Batteries (W) 18:31 rmance duri 18:48 19:05 19:22 19:39 19:56 Grid Power (W) 20:13 20:30 20:47 21:04 21:21 ring day 21:38 21:55 22:12 22:29 22:46 23:03 23:20 23:37

Solar D r Decathlon P Project: Perf rform rmance at end of day ay 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 265 277 289 301 313 325 337 349 361 373 385 397 409 421 433 445 457 469 -5000 PV output (W) Building Load (W) Battery In/Out (W) Grid In/Out (W)

ASU S U Solar Decathlon on Ho House e Performance e with Integrated St Stor orage Day Building Load PV Production Grid Power Power Sent to Battery Draws (kWh) (kWh) Used (kWh) Grid (kWh) (kWh) 30-Jun 18.0 23.9 5.7 13.3 4.1 1-Jul 15.5 20.1 4.6 6.8 4.0 2-Jul 10.2 35.4 0.2 23.0 2.6 3-Jul 12.8 33.3 0.4 21.3 4.2 4-Jul 5.4 15.0 1.8 6.8 0.6 5-Jul 2.7 13.4 0.7 11.1 1.1 6-Jul 2.5 10.1 0.2 6.7 1.3 7-Jul 7.9 20.6 0.2 12.3 4.0 8-Jul 7.0 18.1 0.2 8.9 2.2 9-Jul 8.2 8.0 0.6 0.9 5.8 10-Jul 11.5 3.2 8.8 0.2 1.0 11-Jul 7.8 19.1 2.8 10.1 1.2 Totals 109.3 220.2 26.0 121.2 32.2

Solar Decathlon on P Proj ojec ect No Photovoltaics 0 -2000 Compari rison of 3 3 Cases: -4000 -6000 1. No PV PV No PV/ Power from Grid Photovoltaics but no storage 2. PV w with th no storage 6000 4000 2000 3. PV with s sto torage 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 PV/ Power from Grid PV/ PV to Grid Photovoltaics with storage 6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 6/30, 00:00 6/30, 09:54 6/30, 19:48 7/01, 05:42 7/01, 15:36 7/02, 01:30 7/02, 11:24 7/02, 21:18 7/03, 07:12 7/03, 17:06 7/04, 03:00 7/04, 12:54 7/04, 22:48 7/05, 08:42 7/05, 18:36 7/06, 04:30 7/06, 14:24 7/07, 00:18 7/07, 10:12 7/07, 20:06 7/08, 06:00 7/08, 15:54 7/09, 01:48 7/09, 11:42 7/09, 21:36 7/10, 07:30 7/10, 17:24 7/11, 03:18 7/11, 13:12 PV+Storage/ Power from Grid PV+Storage/ PV to Grid

Rea easons s for or el elec ectric ical l stor orage 3. PV generation needs to be more constant due to variations during partly cloudy days

Solar a r and Wind Power r is Typically Interm rmittent Wind Farm Output 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - 19:12 0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 27 From Energy Storage Associates presentation

Renew able Energy Integration Photovoltaic (PV) or Wind Power Smoothing ~ ~ Required Output Traditional Generation Energy Storage can smooth the abrupt changes of renewable generation to the acceptable limit the grid can handle.

Wind P Power Smoothi hing ng with B Batt ttery St Stor orage  Source: www.altairnano.com

Solar T r Therm rmal T Test F Facility ty – One One-Minute D Data ta  Appalachian State University Solar Research and Education Labs 3 0

Photovoltaics  3 Sharp ND224UC1 panels each independently grid connected with an enPhase M190 microinverter 2-axis tracker 1-axis tracker Fixed angle

Photovoltaics  1-axis tracker: Zomeworks  Passively driven by differential heating of Freon

Photovoltaics  2-axis tracker: Wattsun  Driven by active controls and electric motors

Photovoltaics  enPhase 190 W micro-inverter

Photovoltaics – Monitoring Syst ystem

Solar T r Therm rmal Compound Parabolic Concentrator Flat plate Heat pipe tubes

Solar T r Therm rmal  Three solar thermal collectors with very different geometries  Flat Plate (Alternate Energy Technologies)  Compound Parabolic Concentrator (Solargenix)  Heat Pipe Tube (Solar Collectors Inc)  All mounted at fixed angle on the roof

Data C Collection  Campbell Scientific  CR1000 logger  LoggerNet software