Slide 1 / 97 Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide 2 / 97 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms. Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons; they are commonly used as a fuel source.
Slide 3 / 97 Biological Molecules Carbon is the backbone of biological molecule. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. This property allows the formation of large biomolecules (such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids).
Slide 4 / 97 Carbon Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Recall that electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics because it determines the kinds of bonds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
Slide 5 / 97 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of ___________________. compounds that can only be made by living cells. A vital forces interacting with matter. B carbon compounds. C water and its interaction with other kinds of D molecules.
Slide 6 / 97 Which property of the carbon atom allows it to 2 bond with many different elements? A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. B Carbon has 4 valence electrons. C Carbon forms ionic bonds. D A and C only E A, B, and C
Slide 7 / 97 3 How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? 1 A B 2 C 3 D 4 E 8
Slide 8 / 97 What type/s of bond/s does carbon have a tendency 4 to form? A Ionic B Hydrogen C Covalent D A and B A, B and C E
Slide 9 / 97 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms Aliphatic hydrocarbons: compounds with carbon atoms connected in a straight chain Aliphatic compounds consist of three classes of compounds: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons: compounds with carbon atoms connected in cyclic (ringed) structures that have an odor
Slide 10 / 97 Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons. They are “saturated” with hydrogens. Name uses the ending -ane Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane
Slide 11 / 97 Alkanes
Slide 12 / 97 Alkanes The general formula CnH2n+2 n = number of carbon atoms CH 4 Methane ______ Hexane C 2 H 6 Ethane ______ Heptane C 3 H 8 Propane ______ Octane C 4 H 10 Butane ______ Nonane ______ Decane C 5 H 12 Pentane
Slide 13 / 97 Straight Chain Alkanes Straight chain alkanes are alkanes that have all their carbon atoms connected in a row. These are structural formulas. CH3-CH2-CH3 This is a condensed formula for propane.
Slide 14 / 97 Branched Chain Alkanes Branched chain alkanes are alkanes that have a branching connection of carbons. For example, butane has the formula C4H10. Shown below are the straight chain and branched forms of butane. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Straight chain butane Branched chain butane
Slide 15 / 97 Alkanes Hydrocarbons are non polar, since the difference in electronegativity between C and H is below 0.5. Note that larger molecules are more polarizable and therefore have stronger London dispersion forces which increases boiling point.
Slide 16 / 97 5 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? The majority of their bonds are polar A covalent C-H linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar B covalent C-H linkages They are hydrophilic C They exhibit considerable molecular complexity D and diversity They are lighter than water E
Slide 17 / 97 6 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is __________. less dense than water A less viscous than wtaer B nonpolar and water is polar C volatile and water is not D polar and water is nonpolar E
Slide 18 / 97 7 Which substance would be the most soluble in gasoline? water A sodium nitrate, NaNO 3 B hydochloric acid, HCl C hexane, C 6 H 14 D sodium chloride, NaCl E
Slide 19 / 97 Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes Alkenes have at least one double bond between two carbon atoms. General formula: C n H 2n where n = # of carbon atoms The name uses the ending -ene. The simplest alkenes are: C 2 H 4 Ethene (from 2-carbon parent, ethane) C 3 H 6 Propene (from 3-carbon parent, propane) Ethene
Slide 20 / 97 Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes Alkynes have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. General formula: CnH2n-2 where n = # of carbon atoms The name uses the ending -yne. The simplest alkynes are: C2H2 Ethyne (commonly known as acetylene) C3H4 Propyne or propylene Ethyne
Slide 21 / 97 Representing Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Ball and stick Space filling Structural Molecular model model formula formula
Slide 22 / 97 Cycloalkanes Carbon can also form ringed structures. Five- and six-membered rings are most stable. They can take on conformations in which their bond angles are very close to the tetrahedral angle. Smaller rings are quite strained
Slide 23 / 97 Aromatic hydrocarbons They have benzene ring structure ( hexagon) and have particular aroma associated with it. CH 3 Benzene Toluene ( methyl benzene)
Slide 24 / 97 8 Hydrocarbons A are polar. B are held together by ionic bonds. C contain nitrogen. D contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. E are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Slide 25 / 97 9 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called __________. A alkenes B alkynes C aromatics D alkanes E ketones
Slide 26 / 97 10 The general formula of an alkane is _______. C 2n H 2n+2 A C n H 2n B C n H 2n+2 C C n H 2n-2 D C n H n E
Slide 27 / 97 Which is the formula of an alkane? 11 A C 10 H 10 B C 10 H 18 C C 10 H 20 D C 10 H 22 E C 10 H 24
Slide 28 / 97 12 The molecular geometry of each carbon aton in an alkane is ________. octahedral A sqaure planar B trigonal planar C tetrahedral D trigonal pyramidal E
Slide 29 / 97 13 Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are called________. alkenes A alkynes B aromatics C alkanes D ketones E
Slide 30 / 97 Which is the formula of an alkyne? 14 A C 10 H 10 B C 10 H 18 C C 10 H 20 D C 10 H 22 E C 10 H 24
Slide 31 / 97 An alkene has at least one ________ and has the 15 general formula ______. A C-C single bond, C n H 2n+2 B C-C double bond, C n H 2n C C-C triple bond, C n H 2n D C-C double bond, C n H 2n-2 E C-C triple bond, C n H 2n-2
Slide 32 / 97 16 ________ could be the formula of an alkene. C 3 H 8 A C 3 H 6 B C 6 H 6 C C 17 H 36 D CH 8 E
Slide 33 / 97 17 Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A C 3 H 8 B C 2 H 6 C CH 4 D C 2 H 4 E C 2 H 2
Slide 34 / 97 18 The compound below is an _________. alkyne A alkene B alkane C aromatic compound D olefin E
Slide 35 / 97 19 The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of aldehydes A amino acidd B alcohols C hydrocarbons D thiols E
Slide 36 / 97 Isomers Hydrocarbons exhibit a phenomenon called isomerism- existence of different molecular arrangement but same formula Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. There are 3 different types of isomers: Structural isomers click here for an animation Geometric isomers on Isomers Enantiomers
Slide 37 / 97 Structural Isomers Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms. These three compounds all have the same molecular formula, but differ in which atoms are bonded together.
Slide 38 / 97 Geometric Isomers Geometric isomers must contain a C=C double bond. Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements. Geometric isomers are referred to as either cis or trans . cis isomer trans isomer: The two CH 3 groups are The two CH 3 groups are on the same side. on opposite sides.
Slide 39 / 97 Enantiomers Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other. Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right ( levo and dextro ).
Slide 40 / 97 20 Structural isomers are molecules that: A are enantiomers. B are hydrocarbons. C have a ring structure. D are mirror images. differ in the covalent arrangements of their E atoms.
Slide 41 / 97 21 The two molecules shown are best described as A optical isomers B radioactive isotopes C structural isomers D nonradioactive isotopes E geometric isomers
Slide 42 / 97 22 Which of the following is true of geometric isomers? They have variations in arrangement around a double A bond. They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them B mirror images. They have the same chemical properties. C They have different molecular formulas. D Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different E sequences
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