Anaerobic digestion – the method of choice for the treatment of organic waste and Complex Organic Materials/ Complex Organic Materials/ Complex Organic Materials/ Complex Organic Materials/ Complex Organic Materials/ Complex Organic Materials/ Polymers Polymers Polymers Polymers Polymers Polymers Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolytic Bacteria Hydrolytic Bacteria Hydrolytic Bacteria Hydrolytic Bacteria Monomers Monomers Monomers Monomers Monomers Monomers Fermentation Fermentation Fermentation Fermentation Fermentative Bacteria Fermentative Bacteria Fermentative Bacteria Fermentative Bacteria 30% 30% 30% 30% 19% 19% 19% 19% 51% 51% 51% 51% Intermediates: Intermediates: Intermediates: Intermediates: Intermediates: Intermediates: H 2 producing H 2 producing H 2 producing H 2 producing H 2 producing H 2 producing nutrient recovery acid synthesizing acid synthesizing acid synthesizing acid synthesizing acid synthesizing acid synthesizing VFA VFA VFA VFA VFA VFA bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols oxidizing Bacteria oxidizing Bacteria oxidizing Bacteria oxidizing Bacteria oxidizing Bacteria oxidizing Bacteria (Syntrophs) (Syntrophs) (Syntrophs) (Syntrophs) (Syntrophs) (Syntrophs) Acetogenesis Acetogenesis Acetogenesis Acetogenesis Homoacetogens Homoacetogens Homoacetogens Homoacetogens Acetate Acetate Acetate Acetate Acetate Acetate H 2 + CO 2 H 2 + CO 2 H 2 + CO 2 H 2 + CO 2 H 2 + CO 2 H 2 + CO 2 H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria H 2 producing acetate oxidizing Bacteria 70% 70% 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens Methanogens (aceticlastic) (aceticlastic) (aceticlastic) (aceticlastic) (aceticlastic) (aceticlastic) Methanogenesis Methanogenesis Methanogenesis Methanogenesis (H 2 utilizers) (H 2 utilizers) (H 2 utilizers) (H 2 utilizers) (H 2 utilizers) (H 2 utilizers) Hinrich Uellendahl Section for Sustainable Biotechnology A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen hu@bio.aau.dk, ph +45 99 40 25 85
Section for Sustainable Biotechnology @ Aalborg University Copenhagen (AAU Cph) Enzymes & Microbiology& Bioprocess Birgitte K. Ahring Bioproducts Fermentation engineering Professor Peter Lübeck Mette Lübeck Peter Westermann César Fonseca Zsófía Kádár Hinrich Uellendahl Section Head Associate Prof. Prof. MSO Associate Prof. Assistant Prof. Associate Prof. Christian Baron Associate Prof. Fungal cell Enzyme Biodiversity New Biomass Process factories discovery microbes pretreatment optimization &production 0 0 Biogas prod rate Biogas prod rate Biogas yield Biogas yield 5 5 0 0 5 5 Ethics 0 0 5 5 0 0 & society Separation Cristiano Varrone processes Associate Prof. Henrik Tækker Madsen Assistant Prof.
Section for Sustainable Biotechnology @ Aalborg University Copenhagen (AAU Cph) Enzymes & Microbiology& Bioprocess Bioproducts Fermentation engineering Fungal cell Enzyme New Biomass Process Biodiversity factories discovery microbes pretreatment optimization &production Separation Biorefinery concepts processes
(Waste) Biomass valorization by conversion into biofuels, biochemicals and resource recovery (Waste) Biorefinery Biofuels Biomass Pharmaceuticals Biochemicals Plastics Nutrients Cosmetics … + other resources
Anaerobic digestion for (waste) biomass valorization (Waste) Biogas plant Energy Biomass BioGAS Digestate -> Nutrient recovery
Anaerobic digestion – method of choice for the treatment of organic waste (Waste) Biogas plant Energy Biomass BioGAS The superior waste treatment by: Digestate -> Nutrient recovery • Recovery of both energy and nutrients
Anaerobic digestion – method of choice for the treatment of organic waste CHP (Waste) plant Biogas plant Biomass BioGAS Biogas Upgrading The superior waste treatment by: Natural Gas Grid Digestate -> Nutrient recovery • Recovery of both energy and nutrients • Upgraded biogas into the natural gas grid or for transportation • Flexible biogas production for balancing fluctuating electricity production • Biogas plants in different scales
AD of OFMSW – Biogas potential Waste generation in DK 785 kg per person (477 kg EU average) 42% OFMSW = 330 kg per person = 1.8 million ton
Organic waste – an attractive biomass resource for biogas plants Amount of OFMSW (EU): ≈ 40% OFMSW of MSW Biogas plant Methane potential: Clover grass 200 – 400 L ‐ CH 4 /kg ‐ VS Sugar beets 50 ‐ 100 m 3 ‐ CH 4 /ton ‐ OFMSW Majs/corn Sugar beet tops Municipal residues OFMSW Aquatic biomass Garden waste Road-side biomass Non-cultivated fields Nature areas Agricultural Catch crops residues Straw Ind. Organic waste 50% Manure
Organic waste – an attractive biomass resource for biogas plants in Denmark WWTP Industry Waste disposal Centralized plant Farm-scale plant ≈ 70 Farm-scale biogas plants Production (MW) (TJ/year) 0.7 – 3.2 27 Centralized biogas plants 3.2 – 12.7 Capacity: Under construction 20 – 600 kton/year New plant 50% of all manure (= 20 Mton/year) to be treated in 2020
Biogas technology for the treatment of OFMSW in DK ”Wet” digestion (TS < 15%) ”Dry” digestion (TS > 15%) Sewage sludge CSTR Manure Continuous Stirred OFMSW Tank Reactor Packed bed reactor (with percolation)
Different process configurations for AD of OFMSW
Collection – Pretreatment – Biogas process of OFMSW Collection Pretreatment Digestate as fertilizer Biogas Process - Low content of impurities (plastics, heavy metals, xenobiotics) to comply with regulations for fertilizer use The AD process and the applicability of the digestate as fertilizer is only feasible in combination with a well ‐ functioning collection + pretreatment system.
Waste management in Denmark – Resource Strategy 2013 • Source ‐ sorting of household waste • Organic fraction collected in biodegradable plastic bags
AD of OFMSW from Copenhagen municipality OFMSW from Copenhagen municipality: OFMSW pulp to Hashøj biogas plant Total: 57,000 tons/year for Co ‐ digestion with manure Currently collected: 8,000 tons/year, in 2020: 20,000 tons/year Waste pretreatment at HCS, Glostrup Hammer mill and blower sieve to remove plastic bags, followed by “washing” of the waste with rain water, capacity: 60,000 tons/year
AD of OFMSW from Copenhagen municipality Co ‐ digestion with sewage sludge OFMSW from Copenhagen municipality: Potential: 57,000 tons/year VS (25%VS/TS): 14,250 tons/year Sewage sludge in Copenhagen area BIOFOS: 1,600,000 tons/year VS (25%VS/TS): 48,000 tons/year Ratio OFMSW:SS : 3.5% ton/ton 30.0% ton ‐ VS/ton ‐ VS
AD of OFMSW Co ‐ digestion with manure/ Crucial for both cases: sewage sludge Use of the digestate as fertilizer! COWI report 2016: Source sorted OFMSW: Impurities below threshold Danish Dairy Association 2017: Digestate from OFMSW treated in biogas plants is accepted as fertilizer for crops used for feed of dairy animals.
Anaerobic digestion – method of choice for the treatment of organic waste CHP (Waste) plant Biogas plant Biomass BioGAS Biogas Upgrading Natural Gas Grid BIOGAS CAN! Digestate -> Nutrient recovery • recover both energy and nutrients • be applied in all scales • supply also fuel for the transportation sector • balance fluctuating electricity production
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