Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009 Chem 120: Background for 120: Background for Chem Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Organic and Biochemistry Organic and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941; Office Hours: MTW 9:00 am - 11:00 am; TR 9::00 - !0:00 am & 1:00-2:00 pm. December 19, Test 1 (Chapters 12-14) Chapters 1 Chapters 1- -11 11 January 2 Test 1 (Chapters 15-16) February 6 (Chapters 17-19) February 27, (Chapters 20-22) March 2, 2009, Make Up Exam: Bring Scantron Sheet 882-E Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-2 Shapes of s Atomic Orbitals Shapes of s Atomic Orbitals Chapter 3: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Chapter 3: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table All s All s orbitals orbitals have the shape of a sphere, with have the shape of a sphere, with Chapter 3: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Chapter 3: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table its center at the nucleus its center at the nucleus 3.6 Electron Arrangements Within Atoms • of the s orbitals, a 1 s orbital is the smallest, a 2 s 3.6 Electron Arrangements Within Atoms orbital is larger, and a 3 s orbital is larger still Chemistry at a Glance: Shell- Chemistry at a Glance: Shell -Sub Sub- -shell shell- -Orbital Orbital Interrelationships Interrelationships 3.7 Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams 3.7 Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams 3.8 The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the 3.8 The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table Periodic Table 3.9 Classification of the Elements 3.9 Classification of the Elements Chemistry at a Glance: Element Classification Schemes Chemistry at a Glance: Element Classification Schemes and the Periodic Table and the Periodic Table Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-3 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-4
Shapes of p Atomic Orbitals Shapes of p Atomic Orbitals Atomic Atomic Orbitals Orbitals s orbital s orbital - - a spherical a spherical- -shaped atomic orbital; can shaped atomic orbital; can • A p orbital consists of two lobes arranged in a hold a maximum of 2 electrons hold a maximum of 2 electrons straight line with the center at the nucleus p orbital p orbital - - a dumbbell a dumbbell- -shaped atomic orbital; the shaped atomic orbital; the three p orbitals three p orbitals ( (p p x x , , p p y y , , p p z z ) can hold a maximum of ) can hold a maximum of 2 electrons each 2 electrons each Electrons always fill starting with the lowest Electrons always fill starting with the lowest- -energy energy orbital: orbital: lower energy lower energy higher energy higher energy 1s 2 2 2s 2 2 2p 6 6 3s 2 2 3p 6 6 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p We will be concerned with only the valence We will be concerned with only the valence electrons which are the outermost electrons electrons which are the outermost electrons involved in forming bonds. involved in forming bonds. Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-5 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-6 Excited State Valence Electron Configuration Excited State Valence Electron Configuration Electronic Structure of atoms Electronic Structure of atoms Carbon (C): Carbon (C): Ground state electronic configuration of atoms in Ground state electronic configuration of atoms in core format core format Carbon (C): ): Carbon (C): ): [He] 2 [He] 2 s s 2 2 , 2 , 2 p p 2 2 Ground state: Ground state: 2 s 2 s 2 2 , 2 , 2 p p 2 2 or or 2 2 s s 2 2 , 2p , 2p x x1 1 3p 3p y y1 1 3p 3p z z0 0 or [He] or [He] 2 2 s s 2 2 , 2p , 2p x x1 1 3p 3p y y1 1 3p 3p z z0 0 Potassium (K): Potassium (K): Ar Ar] ] 4 4 s s 1 1 Phosphorous (P): Phosphorous (P): [Ne] [Ne] 3 3 s s 2 2 , 3 , 3 p p 3 3 electron E promotion Valence shell electronic configuration Valence shell electronic configuration Carbon (C): ): Carbon (C): ): 3 s 3 s 2 2 , 3 , 3 p p 2 2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 1s 2 2s 1 2p 3 Potassium (K): 4 s s 1 1 Potassium (K): 4 Phosphorous (P): Phosphorous (P): 3 3 s s 2 2 , 3 , 3 p p 3 3 How you get the electronic configuration of an atom from the How you get the electronic configuration of an atom from the Excited State: Excited State: 2 2 s s 1 1 , 2 , 2 p p 3 3 or 2 or 2 s s 1 1 , 2p , 2p x x1 1 3p 3p y y1 1 3p 3p z z1 1 periodic table? periodic table? Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-7 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-8
Chapter 4: Ionic Bond Model Lewis structure of atoms (Review) Lewis structure of atoms (Review) Chapter 4: Ionic Bond Model 4.2 Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols 4.2 Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols 4.3 The Octet Rule 4.3 The Octet Rule 4.4 The Ionic Bond Model 4.4 The Ionic Bond Model 4.7 Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds 4.7 Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds 4.9 Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 4.9 Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Chemistry at a Glance: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Chemistry at a Glance: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds Compounds 4.10 Polyatomic Ions 4.10 Polyatomic Ions 4.11 Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds 4.11 Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions Containing Polyatomic Ions Chemistry at a Glance: Nomenclature of Ionic Chemistry at a Glance: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds Compounds Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-9 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-10 Cations and Anions Cations and Anions Ionic model of bonding model (Review) Ionic model of bonding model (Review) Cations Ionic bond - - results from the results from the electrostatic attraction electrostatic attraction • What elements lose electrons? And how many? Ionic bond • What is the positive charge on their cations? between a cation between a cation and an anion of two atoms typically and an anion of two atoms typically • Anions • What elements gain electrons? involves a metal involves a metal and a and a nonmetallic element. nonmetallic element. • What is the positive charge on their anions? Anion: Anion: An atom that gains electrons becomes a negative • Covalent bonds • How many covalent bonds are formed? ion • What elements share electrons? Cation: An atom that loses electrons becomes a positive Cation C C ion N N + - Na + F Na F Na Na + + + 2- 2 Li + S 2 Li S O O Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-11 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-12
Lewis Model of bonding (Review) Lewis Model of bonding (Review) Chapter 5. Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model Chapter 5. Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model "octet rule“ "octet rule “ 5.1 The Covalent Bond Model 5.1 The Covalent Bond Model 5.2 Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds 5.2 Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell have eight electrons in their outer electron shell 5.3 Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds 5.3 Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds “Lewis structure of atoms “ Lewis structure of atoms” ” 5.4 Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds 5.4 Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed Formed Shows only valence electrons, is a convenient way Shows only valence electrons, is a convenient way 5.6 Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures 5.6 Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures of representing atoms to show their chemical of representing atoms to show their chemical bonding pattern. bonding pattern. 5.8 Molecular Geometry 5.8 Molecular Geometry 5.9 Electronegativity 5.9 Electronegativity 5.10 Bond Polarity 5.10 Bond Polarity 5.11 Molecular Polarity 5.11 Molecular Polarity Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-13 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-14 Covalent model of bonding (Review) (Review) Covalent model of bonding Types of electrons Types of electrons Bonding pairs Bonding pairs Covalent bonds - - results from the sharing of electrons results from the sharing of electrons Covalent bonds Two electrons that are shared Two electrons that are shared between two atoms. between two atoms. between two atoms typically involves two between two atoms typically involves two A covalent bond. A covalent bond. nonmetallic elements nonmetallic elements Unshared (nonbonding ) pairs Unshared (nonbonding ) pairs A pair of electrons that are not shared between two A pair of electrons that are not shared between two atoms. atoms. Lone pairs Lone pairs or nonbonding electrons. or nonbonding electrons. Unshared oo H Cl pair oo oo oo Bonding pair Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-15 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-16
Recommend
More recommend
