Non- E le c tric Applic a tions of Nuc le a r Powe r: Hydrog e n Produc tion Sta tus of the Sulfur- Iodine E ng ine e ring De monstra tion L oop Robe rt Buc king ha m 18 April, 2007
T he r moc he mic a l c yc le s de c ompose wa te r r a the r tha n c a r bon- ba se d fue ls to pr oduc e hydr og e n • Ca rbon- ne utra l, unlike ste a m re forming of me tha ne • Ma ny c yc le s ha ve be e n studie d, inc luding UT - 3, Ca lc ium- Bromide , a nd Sulfur- Iodine (S- I) • T e mpe ra ture s a bove 800C suita ble for HT GR • Unit ope ra tions of hydrog e n pla nt sc a le e c onomic a lly like a re fine ry or c he mic a l pla nt • S- I Cyc le inve nte d a t Ge ne ra l Atomic s in 1970’s
De ta ils of the Sulfur- Iodine Cyc le
T he DOE Nuc le a r Hydrog e n Initia tive ha s se le c te d the Sulfur- Iodine T he rmoc he mic a l c yc le for e a rly de monstra tion 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2006 2006 2013 2013 R&D Stage R&D Stage Lab Scale Exps Lab Scale Exps Pilot Scale Exps Pilot Scale Exps Engineering Scale Engineering Scale Process Selection Process Selection Engr Demo Engr Demo Decision Decision Operational Operational Thermo - Thermo - Sulfur - Iodine Sulfur - Iodine Integ Lab Integ Lab chemical chemical Engr Demo Engr Demo Exps Exps Construction Construction Cycles Cycles TC Pilot TC Pilot Hybrid Sulfur Hybrid Sulfur Decision Decision Plant Decision Plant Decision TC Engr Scale TC Engr Scale Alternative TC cycles Alternative TC cycles HTE Engr Scale HTE Engr Scale HTE Pilot HTE Pilot High Temp High Temp Cell / Stack Module Exps Cell / Stack Module Exps Plant Decision Plant Decision Electrolysis Electrolysis HTE Adv Technology HTE Adv Technology Engr Scale HX, Engr Scale HX, System System Mat Decision Mat Decision Pilot Scale HX, Pilot Scale HX, Interfaces Interfaces Long term HX, mat’ls tests Long term HX, mat’ls tests Mat Decision Mat Decision and and Supporting Supporting HX and Materials R&D HX and Materials R&D Advanced materials testing Advanced materials testing Engr Demo Mat, IHX Support Engr Demo Mat, IHX Support Systems Systems
Proje c t obje c tive s support pilot pla nt de sig n • Inte rna tiona l Nuc le a r E ne rg y Re se a rc h Initia tive (INE RI) Inte g ra te d L a b- Sc a le (IL S) De monstra tion – E ng ine e ring mate rials – E ng ine e ring pre ssure s – 100-200 standard lite rs pe r ho ur o f hydro g e n – Po ssible sc ale up to 1000 lite rs pe r ho ur
A c lose d loop de monstra tion fa c ility is unde r c onstr uc tion a t Ge ne r a l Atomic s • Sa ndia Na tiona l L a bora tory- USA – Pro je c t le ad – Sulfuric ac id de c o mpo sitio n • Commissa ria t à l'E ne rg ie Atomique - F ra nc e – H2SO4 and HI g e ne ratio n (Bunse n re ac tio n) • Ge ne ra l Atomic s - USA – F ac ility c o o rdinato r – HI de c o mpo sitio n
Se c tion 1 (Bunse n Re a c tion) produc e s two a c id pha se s in the ma in re a c tor … 9I2 + SO2 + 16H2O → (2HI + 10H2O + 8I2) + (H2SO4 + 4H2O) Net Reaction = SO2 + I2 + 2H2O → H2SO4 + 2HI Exothermic Reaction Δ H = -52.626 kcal/mole Δ G = -10.737 kcal/mole I2 Melting Point ~ 114 o C Undesirable side reactions possible at higher temperatures, but temperatures up to 150 o C are being considered
CE A ha s c onstruc te d a Bunse n re a c tion de vic e in F ra nc e • E quipme nt a sse mbly is c omple te in Ma rc oule • T e sting with wa te r a nd a ir is c omple te • T e sting with c he mic a ls is unde rwa y • E quipme nt is sc he dule d to a rrive a t Ge ne r a l Atomic s be fore July 2007
Se c tion 2 (sulfuric a c id de c omposition) g e ne ra te s SO2 for re turn to the Bunse n re a c tion … Net Reaction = Integrated Bayonet Acid H2SO4 → SO2 + H2O + ½O2 Decomposer Design Concept SO3 is an intermediate component Acid boiling, superheating, heat heat decomposition, and heat recuperation are combined into a single unit Liquid acid in Annular space Use of silicon carbide eliminates metal creep at high temperatures and pressure drops SO 2 , O 2 ,H 2 O out Through inner tube
SNL ha s c onstruc te d a sulfuric a c id de c omposition de vic e in Ne w Me xic o … • E quipme nt a sse mbly is c omple te in Albuque rque • T e sting with wa te r a nd a ir is c omple te • T e sting with c he mic a ls is c omple te • E quipme nt is sc he dule d to a rrive a t Ge ne ra l Atomic s be fore Ma y 2007
Se c tion 3 (hydriodic a c id de c omposition) g e ne ra te s the produc t hydrog e n … Iodine return to Bunsen reaction Net Reaction = HI Gas 2HI → H2 + I2 Bunsen reaction feed Hydrogen Iodine removed from HI/water with Product phosphoric acid for return to (HI, H2O, I2) Bunsen reaction Pure HI then distilled away from Phosphoric acid to water/phosphoric acid. Phosphoric reconcentration acid is reconcentrated and reused. and reuse Phosphoric acid in HI then decomposed over a carbon catalyst Iodine return to Bunsen reaction
GA ha s c onstruc te d a hydriodic a c id de c omposition de vic e in Ca lifornia … • E quipme nt a sse mbly is c omple te in Sa n Die g o • T e sting with wa te r a nd a ir is unde rwa y • T e sting with c he mic a ls is sc he dule d for Ma y, 2007 • E quipme nt will be inte g ra te d with othe r se c tions sta rting June , 2007
An Inte rfa c e skid will a llow for inde pe nde nt ope ra tion during sta rt- up a nd trouble shooting Section 2 SNL Section 1 CEA Interface skid Section 3 GA
Inte rfa c e Skid puts fluid tra nsfe r a nd stora g e c a pa bility into one loc a tion … • Compone nts: – 2 HIx ta nks – 2 I2 ta nks – 4 wa te r ta nks – 2 H2SO4 ta nks • HIx a nd I2 ta nks a r e g la ss line d ste e l 90 L ve sse ls • Wate r and H2SO4 tanks 6 ft a r e pla stic 20 L ve sse ls • Proc e ss skids a re linke d thr oug h the inte r fa c e skid • Allows inde pe nde nt skid ope r a tion dur ing sta r tup 6 ft • Buffe r be twe e n se c tions will e a se inte g ra tion 12 ft
GA is c onstruc ting the inte rfa c e skid in Ca lifornia … • E quipme nt a sse mbly is unde rwa y in Sa n Die g o • L e a k te sting with wa te r a nd a ir sc he dule d for e a rly Ma y, 2007 • Ope ra tion with c he mic a ls is sc he dule d for la te Ma y, 2007 • E quipme nt will be inte g ra te d with othe r se c tions sta rting June , 2007
GA is pre pa ring the fa c ility for the IL S … • Se pa ra te ve ntila tion syste ms for e a c h skid • Inte g ra te d sa fe ty pla n • All liquid wa ste c a pture d for disposa l, with sc rubbe rs for g a s stre a ms • We t c he mistry la bs for a na lysis • Control room for syste m ope ra tion
In summa ry … • T he Sulfur - Iodine E ngine e r ing De monstr ation L oop c onstr uc tion is in wor k a nd on sc he dule • Individua l skid te sting a nd initia l inte g r a tion wor k thr oug h 2007 • F ully inte g ra te d e xpe rime nta tion and ope r ation thr ough 2008 • Pote ntia l sc a le up to 1000 lite rs pe r hour in 2009 • Re pr e se nta tive s fr om CE A a nd SNL will work long - te rm a t the GA site on the pr oje c t • Or g a niza tions fr om othe r c ountr ie s inte re ste d in pa rtic ipa ting
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