MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION Juan José Chávez ‐ Fuentes, Aureliana Capobianco, Marianna Czölderová, Miroslav Hut ň an

Aim of this work 1. What is the current population of agricultural animals worldwide? 2. How much agricultural manure is produced every day? 3. How high could be the biogas/methane production rate from all this manure? – Global distribution 2 Slide

Manure 3 Slide

Lots of manure… 4 Slide

Agricultural animals • Rapid industrialization of agriculture to sustain fast human population growth • Most of agricultural animals have also experienced a fast population growth • Industrial agriculture is focused on the production of meat, milk, eggs and other secondary products derived from the slaughter 5 Slide

Agricultural animals (Population growth) Humans Poultry Cattle and buffaloes Pigs Sheep and goats Horse and camels Cattle and buffalo, pig, shee and goat, horse and camels 26 2.600 24 2.400 22 2.200 20 2.000 BILLION HEADS MILLION HEADS 18 1.800 Humans, chicken 16 1.600 14 1.400 12 1.200 10 1.000 8 800 6 600 4 400 2 200 0 0 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 1) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) 6 Slide

Environmental concerns Agricultural animals: • Consumes large quantity of resources (animal feed and water) • Largest user of agricultural land worldwide • Major source of problems such deforestation, anthropogenic GHG emissions (estimated to be as much as 9% CO 2 , 40% CH 4 and 60% N 2 O worldwide), contamination and depletion of water resources , among other related problems ( Steinfeld, FAO Report 2006 ) • Yield large quantities of effluents, called manure 7 Slide

Manure description and current uses • Manure contains mostly animal faces and urine Other components of manure: Organic (Straw, fodder residues, skin, tail hair) and inorganic (lime, sand, sawdust and soil) • According to dry matter content, it is classified as liquid, slurry and solid • Quantity and quality of manure vary according to: ‐ Animal species and breed ‐ Livestock purpose (Food, products or labour) ‐ Type of farming ‐ Feeding patterns and diet composition • Harvestability of manure is strongly determined by the type of farming ‐ Small ‐ scale farming ‐ Industrial farming (concentrated animal feeding operations) • Common uses of manure : • Fertilizer + soil amendment : Stabilization through manure pits, anaerobic lagoons or composting • Additive for feedstock (poultry manure) • Substrate for biogas production (anaerobic digestion) 8 Slide

Methodology for quantitative analysis How to calculate manure’s biogas and http://faostat.fao.org/ methane potential? Nm 3 CH 4 /d No. of live animals  quantification of manure  biogas  methane Enteric fermentation  CH 4 emission factors  methane Slide

Methodology for quantitative analysis FAO No. of animals (j) in country (i) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic Specific manure production (animal j) kg d ‐ 1 head ‐ 1 Scientific literature Organic matter content (animal j) Assumptions and g VS kg ‐ 1 simplifications: ‐ Only one breed is considered for each animal ‐ Average size, weight of Scientific literature animals and manure production Specific biogas production (animal j) ‐ Harvestability of manure is L kg ‐ 1 VS not considered Slide 10

World population WORLD POPULATION 7,4 Billion heads 1,48 0,20 0,99 2.13 x 10 1,21 1,01 0,06 1) Worldometers Statistical Information 2) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) 11 Slide

Manure production GLOBAL MANURE PRODUCTION RATE 0.3 Million Ton/d 0.4 7.3 4.4 SMP 1 TS 2,3 VS 2,3 (kg d ‐ 1 hd ‐ 1 ) 0.4 (g/kg) (g/kg) Dry matter (TS) 0.6 Cattle 29 169.1 102.5 Organic matter (VS) Buffaloes 19 169.1 102.5 0.8 0.7 Pig 2.5 310.2 269.3 Chicken 0.084 678.4 475 1.2 0.9 Sheep 3 676 503 2.5 1.8 Goat 2.7 861.3 642.3 Horse 25 249.7 186.1 2.3 1.8 � � � � 0.3 Global manure production rate � � � N �,� · SMP � · TS � ; � � N �,� · SMP � · VS � 0.4 � � � � 1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 2) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 3) Marti ‐ Herrero, J. 2015. Cow, sheep and llama manure at psychrophilic anaerobic co ‐ digestion with low cost tubular digester in cold climate and high altitude. Bioresource Tech. 12 Slide

Estimation of total and feasible potential for biogas production Biogas production rate TOTAL POTENTIAL � � Global biogas potential � � � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � � � FEASIBLE POTENTIAL � � Global biogas potential � � I �,� I �,� � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � � � I w – Water infrastructure and sanitation development I t – Development in terms of transport and infrastructure 1) Adapted from Social Progress database: http://socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi 2) Adapted from World Band Logistic Performance database: http://data,worldbank.org/indicator Slide 13

Potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion 1300 Total GLOBAL BIOGAS POTENTIAL Million Nm 3 /d Feasible SBP CH 4 (L kg ‐ 1 VS d ‐ 1 ) (%) Cattle 295 69 Buffaloes 295 69 423 555 362 Pig 495 65 329 259 Chicken 425 61 112 Sheep 142 65 61 37 185 181 130 112 23 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70 � � ANAEROBIC Global biogas potential � � I �,� I �,� � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � DIGESTION � � 1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co ‐ digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide

Methane potential GLOBAL METHANE POTENTIAL 897 Total Million Nm 3 /d Feasible SMP CH 4 (L kg ‐ 1 VS d ‐ 1 ) (%) Cattle 295 69 Buffaloes 295 69 275 383 Pig 495 65 221 214 169 Chicken 425 61 77 Sheep 142 65 43 120 110 85 26 73 16 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70 � � ANAEROBIC Global methane potential � � I �,� I �,� � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � · %CH �,� DIGESTION � � 1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co ‐ digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide

Gross energy potential GLOBAL ENERGY POTENTIAL Total 9918 GWh/ d Feasible 11.06 kWh/Nm 3 GCV of methane: 3038 4238 2439 2364 1864 855 471 285 1328 1218 937 180 802 � � Global energy production potential � �� I �,� I �,� � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � · %CH �,� � · GCV ��� � � Slide

Electricity sales potential GLOBAL SALES POTENTIAL Total 268 FOR ELECTRICITY Feasible Million € / d CHP unit η th = 90 % η el = 30 % 82 114 66 64 Tariff: 100 €/MWh 50 23 13 36 33 25 8 5 22 � � Global sales potential for electricity � �� I �,� I �,� � N �,� · SMP � · VS � · SBP � · %CH �,� � · GCV ��� · η �� · η �� · € � � 1) Using a modern CHP unit with thermodynamic conversion efficiency of 90 % and electrical energy conversion efficiency of 30 % 2) Current subsidized price for electricity produced through anaerobic digestion set at 100 €/MWh . Based on tariffs given by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries of the Slovak Republic. Ord. no. 143/2015. 17 Slide

Global biogas distribution Where do we find the highest potential for biogas production from agricultural manure? TOP 5: Agricultural animals Million heads Brazil China China 212 480 202 India USA Australia 187 68 72 China 117 Brazil 38 India 63 USA Germany Iran 89 28 50 Ethiopia Vietnam Nigeria 57 26 41 China USA China 4632 10,3 188 USA Mexico India 1983 6,4 133 Indonesia China Nigeria 1923 6 71 Brazil Brazil Pakistan 1331 5,4 67 Iran Argentina Bangladesh 930 3,6 56 Slide

Global biogas distribution TOP 10 Million m 3 /d China 171 Brazil 81 USA 75 India 62 Australia 24 Argentina 22 Mexico 20 Pakistan 20 France 14 Germany 14 Slide 19