LNG Bunkering Course Section 3.4 LNG Incidents and Their - PDF document

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics LNG Bunkering Course Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 1 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Overview of Section 3.4: LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics • Background of LNG Incidents • Potential LNG Accidents • LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics • Summary and Conclusion 2 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics • References  Safety History of International LNG Operations , CH-IV International CH-IV International Document: TD-02109, Rev. 13, Originally Published: July 2, 2002 ; Date of Revision: March 2, 2014 Unless otherwise noted, all of the information in this section is based on the above publications, as well as the professional experiences of Capt. John Egan. 3 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 1

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics • LNG safety:  Started with the first vessel load of LNG by marine vessels.  The number of LNG accidents is remarkably small.  Consequence of a “Culture of Safety.”  Culture must transfer to bunkering segment of the industry. 4 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics • LNG safety:  Bunkering operations considered LNG transfers.  Not simply a fueling operation.  SAFETY is of primary importance. 5 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics • LNG safety:  LNG transportation has been a specialty business with a limited number of participants and an impeccable safety record.  Recent growth has added a number of new participants with limited LNG experience. 6 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 2

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics • LNG safety:  LNG as a marine fuel requires that all industry participants adopt the LNG safety culture. • To the media any incident is not a bunker spill – “ IT IS AN LNG A CCIDENT !!” 7 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Potential LNG Fuel Accidents • Spills from:  Transfer piping  Storage tank  Vessel holding tanks • LNG explosive vapor: visible or flameless • Fire from spills: ranges beyond accident area • Terrorism 8 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics LNG Incidents and their Characteristics Safety History of International LNG Operations Compiled by CH·IV International The LNG Specialists 9 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 3

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics Terminal-Related LNG Accidents and Incidents • There are approximately 40 LNG terminals (and more than 150 other LNG storage facilities) worldwide. • Since 1944, there have been approximately 13 serious accidents at these facilities directly related to LNG. Source: http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/volatile-nature.html 10 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Terminal-Related LNG Accidents and Incidents • Recent safety issues for LNG terminal siting:  Safety exclusion zones.  Remote siting.  Security: Around and on terminals. Source: http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/volatile-nature.html 11 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Terminal Related LNG Incidents and Characteristics Source: CH·IV International Facility Cause LNG LNG LNG LNG Constructi Acciden LNG LNG not Year Country Region Peakshavin Import Export Liquefactio on t NA Rollover cause g Terminal Terminal n Accident 1944 USA Cleveland, Ohio X 1965 UK Canvery Island, Essex X 1968 USA Portland, Orego X X 1971 Italy La Sezia X X 1972 Canada Montreal X 1973 USA Staten Is., NY X X X 1977 Algeria ??? 1978 UAE Das Island X 1979 USA Cove Pt., MD X 1983 Indonesia Bontang X X X 1985 USA Pinson, AL X 1987 USA Mercury, NV X 1988 USA Everett, MA X 1989 UK Thurley X 1992 USA Baltimore, MD X 1993 Indonesia Bontang X 2000 USA Savanah, GA X 2003 Malaysia Bintulu X X 2004 Algeria Skikda X X 2009 Indonesia Tangguh X X 2010 Australia Northwestern X X 2011 South Korea Pyeongtaek X 2011 Japan Sendai City X 2011 Netherlands Rotterdam X 2013 Angola ??? X X 2013 Yemen Balhaf X X 12 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics ??? USA Plymouth, WA X 4

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics Vessel-Related LNG Accidents and Incidents • Mostly due to breach of one or more storage tanks, with resulting discharge of LNG overboard. • No accidents leading to loss of LNG cargo. • Due largely to double-hulled construction of LNG vessels and separation between the LNG cargo tank and the inner hull. 13 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Vessel Spills Source: CH·IV International Year Vessel Spill, M3 1964/1965 Jules Verne 25,500 1965 Methane Princess 27,400 1965 Jules Verne 25,500 1966 Methane Progress 27,400 1968 Aristotle 5,000 Polar Alaska 1969 71,500 1970 Arctic Tokyo 71,500 1971 Methane Princess 27,400 1974 Barge Massachusetts 5,000 1974 Euclides 4,000 1974 Methane Progress 27,400 LNG Aquarius 1977 125,000 1978 Kannur 0 1979 Mostefa Ben Boulaid 125,000 1985 Annabella 35,500 1985 Ramdane Abane 126,000 1989 Tellier 40,000 1990 Bachir Chihani 0 1997 Northwest Swift 125,000 1997 LNG 126,300 1999 Methane 71,500 2002 Norman Lady 87,000 2009 Matthew 126,500 2010 Bluesky 145,000 2010 LNG Edo 126,500 14 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 2013 Al Gharrafa 215,500 Truck-Related LNG Accidents and Incidents • Most accidents due to fault of driver or direct result from collisions with other vehicles and permanent barriers. • Trucking industry regulated by national and state/local agencies, which sometimes conflict. • LNG tankers well designed in most countries to reduce spillage from accidents or equipment failure. 15 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 5

LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their 2015 Characteristics LNG Tanker Truck Incidents Source: CH·IV International Faulty Driver Transfer Tire Tank Year State Carrier/Owner Collision Truck Rollover Fatique Spilled Fire Operation blowout hole Equipment Fault 1971 VT Capital X X 20% No 1971 NH NH Gas X X Yes No 1971 WI Indianhead X No No 1973 MA Andrews & Pierce No No 1973 NJ Chemical Leaaman X X ? No 1974 NJ NJ Turnpike Gas X ? ? 1974 NJ NJ Gas, Inc. X X ? ? 1976 TN LP Transport X No No 1975 GA LP Transport X No No 1976 RI Andrews & Pierce X No No 1977 CT Chemical Leaman X No No 1977 CT LP Transport X X No No 1977 CA Western Gillet/SDG X No No 1981 NJ LP Transport X No No 1981 MA Andrews & Pierce X No No 1993 MA TransGas X No No 1994 MA TransGas X No No 1998 MA TransGas X No No 2002 Spain ??? X Yes Yes 2003 MA TransGas X No No 2005 NV Logistics Express X Yes Yes 2007 Spain ??? X Yes Yes 2011 Turkey ??? X No No 2011 Spain ??? X X X Yes Yes 2011 Spain ??? X No No 16 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 2012 Spain ??? X No No Summary and Conclusions • The number of LNG-related accidents is relatively small when compared with the storage, handling and transportation of LNG. • This is due to very strict international, national, and regional safety regulations and standards. 17 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics Summary and Conclusions • Training is the key. • Meanwhile, advances in technology and handling equipment keeps on improving . 18 2015 LNG Bunkering Course: Section 3.4 – LNG Incidents and Their Characteristics 6