Lessons from an isolate: Chitimacha diachrony in areal perspective - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Lessons from an isolate: Chitimacha diachrony in areal perspective Daniel W. Hieber University of California, Santa Barbara SSILA 2018, January 5, Salt Lake City Handout and slides available at danielhieber.com/cv This research was funded in part by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Grant #1144085.

2

Three Features of Chitimacha Grammar I. positional auxiliary verbs II. switch -reference III. agent -patient alignment language -internal evidence for their diachronic development • how this diachronic story is enriched by areal evidence • 3

Positional Auxiliary Verbs hi - ‘be sitting (neutral)’ <-- default form • • i- č ‘be standing (vertical)’ pe - ‘be lying (horizontal)’ • All three have the same plural: naka 1pl ‘we are sitting/standing/lying’ • naʔa NF.pl ‘y’all/they are sitting/standing/lying’ • 4

hi- default, neutral use 1) Waʔa š his ke č mi- ːkʼ hi - ʔi -n. other 3 SG wait- PTC P NEUT - N F . SG - PR O G ‘He was waiting for the others.’ 2) Kaye hi - ʔuy -i. alive NEUT - PA ST . IPFV - N F . SG ‘He was alive.’ 5

hi- ‘sitting’ 3) Hi tey- kʼ -š hi - ʔuy -ki-n. sit( SG )- PTC P - SU BO R D NEUT - PA ST . IPFV -1 SG - PR O G DIST ‘I was sitting down.’ 4) Tey= kʼ iš hi - ʔi . sit( SG )=alone NEUT - N F . SG ‘He just sat [there].’ 6

č i- ‘vertical’ 5) We ʔak šuš ku ː =ki č i - ʔi . cypress water = LO C VERT - N F . SG DET ‘That cypress stands in the water.’ 6) ʔuybi =nk piːhni - ːkʼ -š č i - ʔuy -i blood= N O M be.red- PT C P - SU B O R D VERT - PA ST . IPFV - N F . SG we šuš =ki. tree = LO C DET ‘The blood was red on that tree.’ 7

pe- ‘horizontal’ 7) ʔi š ʔinčʼ ʔatin kiš natʼi - ːkʼ -š pe - ʔe 1 SG father big dog lie- PT C P - SU B O R D HORIZ - N F . SG sa šuš kuti=nki. tree head= LO C DEM ‘My grandfather’s dog is lying in the top of that tree.’ 8) Him č iski nowa=nki ʔap š š ahtʼi - ːkʼ -š pe - ʔe . 2 SG pumpkin mellow= LO C crawl.in- PT C P - SU B O R D HORIZ - N F . SG CIRC ‘He crawls about amongst your watermelons.’ 8

Plural Auxiliaries 9) ʔi š ʔinčʼi ʔi š ne we kʼinkkʼank kin hi teni- ːkʼ naku -n. 1 SG father 1 SG and girls with sit( PL )- PT C P AUX (1 PL ) - PR O G DET DIST ‘My father and I and those girls were sitting.’ 10) We kimi sekʼis tapšmi- ːkʼ na - ʔuy -na. branch among stand- PT C P AUX ( PL ) - P A ST . IP FV - N F . PL DET ‘They were standing among those limbs.’ 11) Kam č in nam čʼemi - ːkʼ -š naʔa šuš tapšn keta=nki. deer be.camped- PT C P - SU B O R D AUX ( NF . PL ) tree upright side= LO C ‘Deer are lying beside that upright tree.’ 9

Irrealis 12) Kaya=nk ni kʼap - č uy -i. rain= N O M get- IRR ( SG ) - N F . SG DEF ‘The rain will get you.’ 13) ʔampi =nk kin kʼ ušmi- ːtʼi -naka. what= A BL with eat- IRR ( PL ) -1 PL . A ‘With what shall we eat it?’ 10

Irrealis Reflexes 14) Čʼaː šahyn=iš hup č uy - iʔi . sun going.in= TO P to go( SG ) - N F . SG ‘He went toward the sunset.’ 15) Kʼastʼa =nk hi tʼut - naʔa . north= LO C go( P L ) - N F . PL AND ‘They went toward the north.’ 11

Past Imperfective 16) ʔi š=k šuš hup nuh č -k ša- ʔuy -ki-n. 1 SG = N O M tree to run-ss sleep- PAST . IPFV -1 SG . P - PR O G ‘I used to run off to the woods and sleep (there).’ 17) We=nki hi š akʼit -k hi- ʔuy -i. DEM = hang- PTC P AUX ( NEUT )- PAST . IPFV - N F . SG LOC DIST ‘[During all the big water (the flood)], he hung there.’ 12

Past Imperfective Reflex 18) Hatka=nkiš hi ʔuy -naka. six=alone arrive( P L ) -1 PL . A DIST ‘Only six arrived (there).’ ʔuy - ‘happen, arrive at’ 13

Present Imperfective 19) Ha nasta kap tohw- ʔi š -i. root break- PRES . IPFV - N F . SG DEM INCH ‘This root is breaking.’ 20) Kaya kap tey- ʔi š -i. rain INCH stop- PRES . IPFV - N F . SG ‘The rain is stopping.’ 14

Present Imperfective Reflexes: ʔi š- COP 21) Kaye ʔi š -iki-n. alive COP -1 SG - PR O G ‘I’m still alive.’ 22) ʔus =k kaːkumi - ːkʼ ʔi š -naku-n ʔu š nitiya 1 PL = N O M know- PTC P COP -1 PL - PR O G 1 PL master ‘We knew that it was our master.’ 15

Present Imperfective Reflexes: =(i)š TOP Originally a cleft construction: “It was TOPIC that …” • 23) Hus naː n čaːkamank =š we-t=k hi hokm- iʔi . 3 SG brothers = T O P DET - ANA = leave- N F . SG NOM DIST ‘He left his brothers.’ 16

Present Imperfective Reflexes: =(i)š TOP 24) ʔa š antʼi ʔunkʼu =š nus=up kun namki- ːkʼ hi- ʔuy -i-n. old one = T O P west=to some live- PT C P AUX ( NEUT )- PAST . IPFV - NF . SG - PROG ‘A certain old man lived in the west.’ 25) Ho ka č m =iš =hiš na č pi- ːtʼi -na-n hesikʼen . doctor = T O P = ER G cure- IR R - N F . PL - P R O G again DEM ‘Those doctors will cure you.’ 17

Present Imperfective Reflexes: ʔi ška ‘say’ 26) Kutnehin čʼah ʔi š -ka. God bird COP - PL ‘They say it is God’s bird.’ 18

Summary of Diachronic Origins of Aspectual Markers Aspectual Marker Diachronic Origin - č uw- / - tʼi - č uw- / tʼut - ‘go’ IRR - ʔuy - PAST . IPFV ʔuy - ‘happen’ - ʔi š- PRES . IPFV ʔi š- COP 19

Positional Auxiliaries in the Southeast Language ‘sit’ ‘stand’ ‘lie’ Chitimacha (isolate) hi- č i- pe- Atakapa (isolate; Swanton 1929) k ē ta t ī xt Choctaw (Muskogean; Broadwell 2006:209–211) átta- hikí ya - ittóla- Tunica (isolate; Haas 1946:349–351) -na -hki ‘exist’ -ra 20

27) Piya ših hi kʼaːct -k , wetk we nuš kʼapt -k ʔutp =ki cane belly cut- SS then stone take- SS leather = LO C DIST DET ʔap š waːct -k , huykʼi ʔap š ʔuti - ːkʼ , wetk we piya kʼaːcn =ki wrap- SS good tie- SS then cane cut.piece = LO C SOC SOC DET hi šah č t-k , wetkš huykʼi kas hukt-k , wetkš hesikʼen ʔutp put.in- SS then good back close- SS then again leather AND hi kʼapt -k , we piya kʼaːcn we ʔutp =ki ʔap š waːct -k , take- SS cane cut.piece leather = LO C wrap- SS DIST DET DET SOC huykʼi ʔap š ʔuti - ːkʼ , wey-t hukʼu kas nu č mi- ːkʼ , good tie- SS DEM - ANA COP ( EMPH ) back work- SS SOC kas ham č a- ː š- naʔa . back keep- P R E S . IP FV - N F . P L ( D S ) ‘They cut a cane joint, take the stones and wrap them in hide, tie them well, put them into the section of cane, cork them well, again take hide and wrap the cane section in the hide, tie it well, and, having prepared it in that way, they save it.’ 21

Switch Reference 28) Wenk hi č u- ːkʼ =š ku ː kʼapt -k we ʔak šuš now go( SG )- SS = T O P water take- SS cypress DIST DET hi tʼeyktepi - č u-ø- ː š , kayi paːhmpa him splash- IR R - N F . SG ( D S )- C O N D thunder 2 SG AND ni kʼapt - ʼ iš-i . get- P R ES . IP FV - N F . SG DEF ‘Now if you go there, take water, and (if) you splash that cypress, thunder gets you.’ 22

Origin of Switch Reference in Chitimacha 29) Kiš ʔatin nuh č pa-pa kʼiht -k hi- ʔi ? dog big make.run- N ZR want- P T C P AUX ( NEUT )- NF . SG ‘Do you want your horse to run?’ 23

Origin of Switch Reference in Chitimacha 30) Kaːcpa =nk ʔam ʔoonak =hiš kʼet -k stick= A BL everything = IN STR beat( SG )- P T C P ʔap tʼuːt -š- naʔa . go( PL )- PR ES . IPFV - N F . PL VEN ‘They came beating him with sticks and so forth.’ 24

Locative > Participle (31) Š eːni - nk hup hi ni č wi- ʔi . pond- LOC to move( V ER T ).to.water- N F . SG DIST ‘He came to the edge of a pond.’ (32) Hi č uy- iʔi namu hi kuti- nk . go( SG )- N F . SG town end- LOC AND DIST ‘He went to the end of that village.’ (lit. ‘the village’s end’) 25

Locative > Participle (33) ʔi š hi-ki- nk naʔa . 1 SG COP ( NEUT )-1 SG - LOC COP ( NF . PL ) ‘You [pl.] are at my place.’ (34) […] ǯ a ː kap šan-i- nk kʼ iš. sun up go.out- N F . SG - LOC until ‘[…] until the sun comes up.’ 26

Temporal Subordinator -nk (35) Ney kap šanšw-i- nk-i , […] earth up go.out- N F . SG - TEMP - NZR ‘When the ground emerged, […]’ (36) Kʼastʼa ʔap hoː kʼih - č uy-i- nk-i wey ǯiːkʼ north.wind blow want- IR R ( SG )- N F . SG - TEMP - NZR thus VEN yeht- ʼ iš-iki. cry- PR ES . IPFV -1 SG . A ‘That is why I cry out when the north (wind) is going to blow.’ 27

Participle -nk (37) Wetkš ni kʼast - k , […] weytenkʼ enkš tʼut - naʔa hesikʼen . then plant- PTCP after.that go( PL )- N F . PL again DEF ‘Then they planted, […] and after that went on again.’ (lit. ‘planting, they went’) (38) Kap ten- tk ni kʼas -mi- naʔa . stop( PL )- PTCP plant- PLA C T - N F . PL STAT DEF ‘They stopped and planted (again).’ (lit. ‘stopping, they planted’) 28

Locative > Participle: Phonology Environment Locative Participle N__ -tk - tʼk V__ -nk - ːkʼ /w, y/__ -k - kʼ C__ -k -k 29