Lessons from an isolate: Chitimacha diachrony in areal perspective - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Lessons from an isolate: Chitimacha diachrony in areal perspective Daniel W. Hieber University of California, Santa Barbara handout and slides available at: danielhieber.com/cv This research was funded in part by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Grant #1144085.

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3 features of Chitimacha grammar I. positional auxiliary verbs ( ‘sit’, ‘stand’, ‘lie’) II. switch -reference III. agent -patient alignment 3

Positional Copular / Auxiliary Verbs hi - ‘be sitting (neutral)’ (default form) • • i- č ‘be standing (vertical)’ pe - ‘be lying (horizontal)’ • 4

hi- , default, neutral use 1) Waʔa š his ke č mi- ːkʼ hi - ʔi -n. other 3 SG wait- PTC P NEUT - N F . SG - PR O G ‘He was waiting for the others.’ 2) Kaye hi - ʔuy -i. alive NEUT - PA ST . IPFV - N F . SG ‘He was alive.’ 5

hi- , sitting 3) Hi tey- kʼ -š hi - ʔuy -ki-n. sit( SG )- PTC P - SU BO R D NEUT - PA ST . IPFV .1 SG - PR O G DIST ‘I was sitting down.’ 4) Tey= kʼ iš hi - ʔi . sit( SG )=alone NEUT - N F . SG ‘He just sat [there].’ 6

č i- , vertical 5) We ʔak šuš ku ː =ki č i - ʔi . cypress water = LO C VERT - N F . SG DET ‘That cypress stands in the water.’ 6) ʔuybi =nk piːhni - ːkʼ -š č i - ʔuy -i we šuš =ki. blood= N O M be.red- PT C P - SU B O R D VERT - P A ST . IP FV - N F . SG tree = LO C DET ‘The blood was red on that tree.’ 7

pe- , horizontal 7) ʔi š ʔinčʼ ʔatin kiš natʼi - ːkʼ -š pe - ʔe sa šuš kuti=nki. 1 SG father big dog lie- PT C P - SU B O R D HORIZ - N F . SG tree head= LO C DEM ‘My grandfather’s dog is lying in the top of that tree.’ 8) Him č iski nowa=nki ʔap š š ahtʼi - ːkʼ -š pe - ʔe . 2 SG pumpkin mellow= LO C crawl.in- PT C P - SU B O R D HORIZ - N F . SG CIRC ‘He crawls about amongst your watermelons.’ 8

Plural forms of the auxiliaries naka 1 PL ‘we are sitting/standing/lying’ • naʔa NF . PL ‘y’all/they are sitting/standing/lying’ • 9

Plural Auxiliaries (with ‘sit’, ‘stand’, and ‘lie’) 9) ʔi š ʔinčʼi ʔi š ne we kʼinkkʼank kin hi teni- ːkʼ naku -n. 1 SG father 1 SG and girls with sit( PL )- PT C P AUX (1 PL ) - PR O G DET DIST ‘My father and I and those girls were sitting .’ 10) We kimi sekʼis tapšmi- ːkʼ na - ʔuy -na. branch among stand- PT C P AUX ( PL ) - P A ST . IP FV - N F . PL DET ‘They were standing among those limbs.’ 11) Kam č in nam čʼemi - ːkʼ -š naʔa šuš tapšn keta=nki. deer be.camped- PT C P - SU B O R D AUX ( NF . PL ) tree upright side= LO C ‘Deer are lying beside that upright tree.’ 10

Irrealis 12) Kaya=nk ni kʼap - č uy -i. rain= N O M get- IRR ( SG ) - N F . SG DEF ‘The rain will get you.’ 13) ʔampi =nk kin kʼ ušmi- ːtʼi -naka. what= A BL with eat- IRR ( PL ) -1 PL . A ‘With what shall we eat it?’ 11

Irrealis Reflexes 14) Čʼaː šahyn=iš hup č uy - iʔi . sun going.in= TO P to go( SG ) - N F . SG ‘He went toward the sunset.’ 15) Kʼastʼa =nk hi tʼut - naʔa . north= LO C go( P L ) - N F . PL AND ‘They went toward the north.’ 12

Past Imperfective 16) ʔi š=k šuš hup nuh č -k ša- ʔuy -ki-n. 1 SG = N O M tree to run- SS sleep- PAST . IPFV -1 SG . P - PR O G ‘I used to run off to the woods and sleep (there).’ 17) We=nki hi š akʼit -k hi- ʔuy -i. DEM = hang- PTC P AUX ( NEUT )- PAST . IPFV - N F . SG LOC DIST ‘[During the flood], he hung there.’ 13

Past Imperfective Reflex 18) Hatka=nkiš hi ʔuy -naka. six=alone arrive( P L ) -1 PL . A DIST ‘Only six arrived (there).’ (also ‘happened upon there’) 14

Present Imperfective 19) Ha nasta kap tohw- ʔi š -i. root INCH break- PRES . IPFV - N F . SG DEM ‘This root is breaking.’ 20) Kaya kap tey- ʔi š -i. rain stop- PRES . IPFV - N F . SG INCH ‘The rain is stopping.’ 15

Present Imperfective Reflexes: ʔi š- C O P 21) Kaye ʔi š -iki-n. alive COP -1 SG - PR O G ‘I’m still alive.’ 22) ʔus =k kaːkumi - ːkʼ ʔi š -naku-n ʔu š nitiya. 1 PL = N O M know- PTC P COP -1 PL - PROG 1 PL master ‘We knew that it was our master.’ 16

Present Imperfective Reflexes: =(i)š T O P 23) Hus naː n čaːkamank = š we-t=k hi hokm- iʔi . 3 SG brothers= TOP DET - ANA = leave- N F . SG NOM DIST ‘He left his brothers.’ 24) ʔa š antʼi ʔunkʼu = š nus=up kun namki- ːkʼ hi- ʔuy -i-n. old one= TOP west=to some live- PT C P AUX ( NEUT )- PAST . IPFV - NF . SG - PROG ‘A certain old man lived in the west.’ 17

Present Imperfective Reflexes: =(i)š T O P 25) Ho ka č m= iš =hiš na č pi- ːtʼi -na-n hesikʼen . doctor= TOP = ER G cure- IR R - N F . PL - PR O G again DEM ‘Those doctors will cure you.’ 18

Present Imperfective Reflexes: ʔi ška ‘they say’ 26) Kutnehin čʼah ʔi š -ka. God bird COP - PL ‘They say it is God’s bird.’ 19

Summary: Diachronic origins of aspectual markers Aspectual Marker Diachronic Origin - č uw- / - tʼi - č uw- / tʼut - ‘go’ IRR - ʔuy - PAST . IPFV ʔuy - ‘happen’ - ʔi š- PRES . IPFV ʔi š- COP 20

Positional auxiliary verbs in several Southeastern languages Language ‘sit’ ‘stand’ ‘lie’ Chitimacha (isolate; Swadesh 1933) hi- č i- pe- Atakapa (isolate; Swanton 1929) k ē ta t ī xt Choctaw (Muskogean; Broadwell 2006:209–211) átta- hikí ya - ittóla- Tunica (isolate; Haas 1946:349–351) -na -hki ‘exist’ -ra Biloxi (Siouan; Kaufman 2013) n ᶏ ki nê m ᶏ ki Yuchi (isolate; Linn 1994) č i fa e 21

Switch Reference “[T]he compound sentence is not common. Instead subordination, particularly participial subordination, is used. For example, a closely connected sequence of events is commonly put into a series of participial clauses except for the last one, which is expressed as the main clause[.] The same device is used in the connection of ideas into a subordinate group[.]” (Swadesh 1946:331) 22

27) Piya ših hi kʼaːct -k , wetk we nuš kʼapt -k ʔutp =k cane belly DIST cut- SS then stone take- SS leather = LO C DET ʔap š waːct -k , huykʼi ʔap š ʔuti - ːkʼ , wetk we piya kʼaːcn =ki wrap- SS good tie- SS then cane cut.piece = LO C SOC SOC DET hi šah č t-k , wetkš huykʼi kas hukt-k , wetkš hesikʼen ʔutp AND put.in- SS then good back close- SS then again leather hi kʼapt -k , we piya kʼaːcn we ʔutp =ki ʔap š waːct -k , DIST take- SS cane cut.piece leather = LO C wrap- SS DET DET SOC huykʼi ʔap š ʔuti - ːkʼ , wey-t hukʼu kas nu č mi- ːkʼ , good tie- SS DEM - ANA COP ( EMPH ) back work- SS SOC kas ham č a- ː š- naʔa . back keep- PR ES . IPFV - N F . PL ( D S ) ‘They cut a cane joint, take the stones and wrap them in hide, tie them well, put them into the section of cane, cork them well, again take hide and wrap the cane section in the hide, tie it well, and, having prepared it in that way, they save it.’ 23

28) Wenk hi č u- ːkʼ =š ku ː kʼapt -k we ʔak šuš now go( SG )- SS = TO P water take- SS DET cypress DIST hi tʼeyktepi - č u-ø- ː š , kayi paːhmpa him AND splash- IR R - N F . SG ( D S )- C O N D thunder 2 SG ni kʼapt - ʼ iš-i . get- P R ES . IP FV - N F . SG ( D S ) DEF ‘Now if you go there, take water, and (if) you splash that cypress, thunder gets you.’ 24

Participle 29) Kiš ʔatin nuh č pa-pa kʼiht -k hi- ʔi ? dog big make.run- N ZR want- P T C P AUX ( NEUT )- NF . SG ‘Do you want your horse to run?’ 30) Kaːcpa =nk ʔam ʔoonak =hiš kʼet -k stick= A B L everything = IN ST R beat( SG )- P T C P ʔap tʼuːt -š- naʔa . go( PL )- PR ES . IPFV - N F . PL VEN ‘They came beating him with sticks and so forth.’ 25

Locative Nominalizer -(n)k 31) Š eːni - nk hup hi ni č wi- ʔi . pond- LOC to move( V ER T ).to.water- N F . SG DIST ‘He came to the edge of a pond.’ 32) Hi č uy- iʔi namu hi kuti- nk . go( SG )- N F . SG town end- LOC AND DIST ‘He went to the end of that village.’ (lit. ‘the village’s end’) 26

Locative nominalizer with verbs 33) ʔi š hi-ki- nk naʔa . 1 SG COP ( NEUT )-1 SG - LOC COP ( NF . PL ) ‘You [pl.] are at my place.’ 34) […] ǯ a ː kap šan-i- nk kʼ iš. sun up go.out- N F . SG - LOC until ‘[…] until the sun comes up.’ 27

Temporal Subordinator -nki 35) Ney kap šanšw-i- nk-i , […] earth up go.out- N F . SG - TEMP - NZR ‘When the ground emerged, […]’ 36) Kʼastʼa ʔap hoː kʼih - č uy-i- nk-i north.wind blow want- IR R ( SG )- N F . SG - TEMP - NZR VEN wey ǯiːkʼ yeht- ʼ iš-iki. thus cry- PR E S . IPFV -1 SG . A ‘That is why I cry out when the north (wind) is going to blow.’ 28

Locative Nominalizer > Participle 37) Wetkš ni kʼast - k , […] weytenkʼ enkš tʼut - naʔa hesikʼen . then plant- PTCP after.that go( PL )- N F . PL again DEF ‘Then they planted, […] and after that went on again.’ (lit. ‘planting, they went’) 38) Kap ten- tk ni kʼas -mi- naʔa . stop( PL )- PTCP plant- PLA C T - N F . PL STAT DEF ‘They stopped and planted (again).’ (lit. ‘stopping, they planted’) 29

Phonological environments for locative nominalizer and participle Environment Locative Participle N__ -tk - tʼk V__ -nk - ːkʼ /w, y/__ -k - kʼ C__ -k -k 30