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Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 1 R E C Saint-Cyr Lessons Learned Lessons Learned From From Lessons Learned Lessons Learned From From Ontology Ontology Design Design Ontology Ontology Design Design Jean André B ENVENUTI *, Laure B ERTI -É QUILLE **, Éric J ACOPIN * * CREC Saint-Cyr, laboratoire MACCLIA -- GUER, France ** IRISA, Université de Rennes 1 -- RENNES, France

Where do w e Where o w e start? start? Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 2 R E THE SOLDIER THE SOLDIER ’S CODE - S CODE - 11 Articles - 11 Articles - French Land Army, 1999 rench Land Army, 1999 C 1) The soldier is entirely devoted to serving France anywhere and anytime. Saint-Cyr 2) The soldier achieves his mission with the will to win and vanquish, possibly at the risk of his life. 3) The soldier controls his force , respects his opponent and spares the 4) The soldier obeys orders with respect of populations’ lives. 4) The soldier obeys orders with respect of the laws of war and the laws of war and international conventions. international conventions. 5) The soldier improvises and adapts in all circumstances. 6) As a professional , the soldier keeps fit, physically and intellectually and develops his abilities and his moral strength. 7) Member of a brotherhood of arm, the soldier acts with honnor, frankness and loyalty . 8) Paying attention to others and determined to overcome difficulties , 5) The soldier improvises and adapts the soldier works for the cohesion and the dynamism of his unit. 9) Open to the world and cultures , the soldier respects the differences. in all circumstances. 10) The soldier speaks with restraint in order to not weaken the neutrality of armies in philosophical, political and religious matters. 11) Proud of his commitment , the soldier represents, always and everywhere, his garrison, the land army and France.

(Hope) (Hope) Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 3 R E C The SOLDIER The S CODE sounds sounds marvelous, marvelous, SOLDIER ’S CODE The The SOLDIER S CODE sounds sounds marvelous, marvelous, SOLDIER ’S CODE but how are w e but how re w e going going to teach o teach it? t? but how but how are w e re w e going going to teach o teach it? t? Saint-Cyr 1) Ensure that the teaching process is the same 1) for every soldier Objective 1) => General 1) => General Military Military Training (2001) Training (2001) The soldier has the appropriate behaviour The soldier has the appropriate behaviour when facing a practical setting when facing a practical setting 2) Place the soldier in a real-life situation 2) 2) 2) => A Database => A Database of Concrete f Concrete Cases Cases 3) Nicely link the real-life situations to the soldier ’s code 3) 1) + 3) => An Instructor 1) + 3) => An Instructor ’s Guide (2002) ’s Guide (2002)

What What it it is is all all about bout Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 4 R E C One One more constraint... ore constraint... One more constraint... One ore constraint... Saint-Cyr 4) 4) Automate the learning process Why Why ? Why ? Why => Distant education (operational context) => (Anytime) Self-training and self-evaluation => Saving time and money…

How to automate? How o automate? Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 5 R E C Outline Outline Outline Outline Saint-Cyr • Description of the Tutoring Process • Ontology in the Tutoring Process (SABRE) • Managing Ambiguities (Eigenvalues) • Discussion (Reuse?)

The The Tutoring utoring Process rocess Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 6 R E C International & Practical Setting French Practical Setting Legal Texts Saint-Cyr Appropriate Behaviour Operational or Appropriate Behaviour Must find the appropriate behaviour garrison events Learner Face to Face or Distant Training Session Green Book Concrete Teacher Case Select Behaviour Select Behaviour 1) Picks the article to learn Instructor’s guide Soldier’s 2) … and one corresponding behaviour Code Feed-back Experience Feed-back Experience 3) Chooses an appropriate concrete case Theoretical Training Theoretical Training

Extract Extract of our f our ontology ontology Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 7 R E Teacher 1) Let ’s pick Art. 4 C 2) ... and one corresponding behaviour behaviour? Saint-Cyr Achieving the mission Art.2 Improvising behaviours behaviours Art.5 b09 b20 b09 : courage b24 b13 : sense of responsibilities b13 b25 b14 : dignity b16 : self-control Art.6 b17 b17 : respect for the law Keeping Fit b18 : respect for the regulations b18 b16 b19 b19 : obedience b20 : sense of initiative b14 b24 : competence Art.4 b25 : have-judgment Obeying orders Art.3 Force-control

Ontology Ontology w ith w ith Eigenvalues Eigenvalues Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 8 R E Teacher 1) Let ’s pick Art. 4 C 2) ... and one corresponding behaviour behaviour? Saint-Cyr Is there one behaviour behaviour only corresponding to article Art. 4? Achieving the mission Art.2 Improvising behaviours behaviours Art.5 b09 b20 b09 : courage b24 b13 : sense of responsibilities b25 b14 : dignity b16 : self-control Art.6 b17 : respect for the law Keeping Fit b18 : respect for the regulations b16 b19 b19 : obedience b20 : sense of initiative b24 : competence Art.4 b25 : have-judgment Obeying orders Art.3 Force-control

Eigenvalue Eigenvalue Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 9 R E Teacher 1) Let ’s pick Art. 4 C 2) ... and one corresponding behaviour behaviour? Saint-Cyr • behaviour behaviour 19 19 is the eigenvalue eigenvalue of Art. 4 Other behaviours behaviours entails Art. 4 as their context behaviours behaviours b09 : courage b13 : sense of responsibilities b13 b14 : dignity b16 : self-control b17 b17 : respect for the law b18 : respect for the regulations b18 b19 b19 : obedience b20 : sense of initiative b14 b24 : competence Art.4 b25 : have-judgment Obeying orders

Definitions Definitions Examples xamples Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 10 R E C Saint-Cyr Value of a slot of which uniquely b19 : obedience Eigenvalue represents an instance of a class behaviour uniquely represents behaviour Slot of an instance of a class with Eigenslot an article at least one Eigenvalue Instance of a class with at least one Eigenslot Art. 5 Eigeninstance Article class All instances of that class are Eigeninstances Eigenclass

Reusing eigenvalues Reusing eigenvalues? Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 11 R E • Keyw ords Keyw ords for Papers / Talks / Posters C (classification) Saint-Cyr • Instances Instances for classes (object-oriented design - singleton singleton Design Pattern) • Flights Flights for Airlines / Theaters Theaters for Films (cost reduction: e.g. merging Air-France & KLM) (market flooding - university film archives) • Logos Logos for Trademarks / Flags Flags for Countries / Symbols for Cities (identification - recognition) Symbols • Wines Wines for courses (best association of objects)

Lessons as questions? Lessons as questions? Protégé 2006, July 26th, Stanford I R I S A C 12 R E C Thank You! Saint-Cyr • When must we write rules? Good old ,,Keep it simple’’ (not simplistic :-) • Can ’t we rewrite our classes? Good old code review, object-oriented refactoring, reverse engineering… • Can we use the instances to evaluate the ontology? Good old execution tests: run tests to know about the software design