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21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Effects of biomaterial and semi-biomaterial on growth and postharvest quality of Red Oak lettuce Presented by Presented by Paiboon Paiboon Paiboon Paiboon Muymas Muymas Muymas Muymas Advisor:

  1. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Effects of biomaterial and semi-biomaterial on growth and postharvest quality of ‘Red Oak’ lettuce Presented by Presented by Paiboon Paiboon Paiboon Paiboon Muymas Muymas Muymas Muymas Advisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Kanogwan Seraypheap Co-advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Preeda Boon-long Co-advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supachitra Chadchawan Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Introduction Lettuces Kingdom : Plantae Order : Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus : Lactuca L . sativa Species: 1

  2. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Diseases of Lettuce ผักกางมุ้ง Hydroponics 2

  3. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Organic foods Chitosan 3

  4. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Chitosan Deacetylation Chitosan Appilcation • Sprayed chitosan (O-80) every 1 week: 10 and 50 ppm Dendrobium ‘EISKUL’ induced early flowering enhanced the floral production (Limpanavech et al., 2008) 4

  5. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Chitosan Appilcation Effect of chitosan on yield at harvest An increase of tomato yield at harvest was highly correlated An increase of tomato yield at harvest was highly correlated with the concentration of chitosan applied to soil inoculated with F. oxysporum and F. radicislycopersici before seedling transplanting (Lafontaine and Benhamou, 1996) Potential of biomatertial / semi – biomatrial � Shrimp shell � Chitosan waste 5

  6. Material and Methods Objectives 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 1. To investigate the effects of biomaterial and/or semi-biomaterial on growth and production yield of lettuces during three successive crop seasons . 1 1 L 1.1 Leaf numbers f b 1.2 Leaf width 1.3 Leaf length 1.4 Fresh weight 1.5 Dry weight 2. To investigate the effects of biomaterial and/or semi-biomaterial on postharvest quality of lettuces during three successive crop seasons . 2.1 Percentage of fresh weight loss 2.2 Overall appearance Plant materials Lettuce ‘Red Oak’ ( Lactuca sativa L. cv.‘Red Oak’) 6

  7. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Crop seasons � Summer: � Summer: March- April 2010 � Rainy: August-September 2010 � Winter: December 2010-January 2011 Growhouse at Chulalongkorn University Experiment design A randomized complete block design (RCBD) 6 treatments X 4 replications X 8 plants Total 192 plants Treatment Shrimp shell Chitosan waste Bacillus lichenifuels SK-1 (g) (g) (ml) T1 - - - T2 5 - - T3 5 - 10 T4 2.5 2.5 - T5 - 20 - T6 - - 10 7

  8. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Growing period G Grown a in 1:1:3 soil/cow manure/ Grown b in 1 kg soil + 100 g cow manure paddy coconut husk + (semi ‐ )biomaterial supplement a i b i k il/ / G il Addition of 5 g cow manure Addition c of X g suppl. Addition of 50 g cow manure + (100–X) g cow manure -+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+---> Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 GERMINATION Acclimatization d (3 weeks) Treatment period d (5 weeks) HARVEST Total growing period d (8 weeks) a in a plastic tray, 1 seedling/well G b b in a plastic pot (14.5 cm height, 17.5 cm top diameter) with ground coconut husk packed at the bottom c The addition of the SK ‐ 1 strain is assumed to have no contribution to the supplement weight. d From germination to harvest, lettuces were watered twice a day early in the morning and late in the afternoon with 1 L of tap water/lettuce/time. Transplanting in plastic tray 3 days y 8

  9. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 3 weeks Transplanting in plastic pot 4 weeks 9

  10. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 After 8 weeks of cultivation Measurements 1. To investigate the effects of biomaterial and/or semi-biomaterial on growth and production yield of lettuces during three successive crop seasons . 1.1 Leaf numbers 1.1 Leaf numbers 1.2 Leaf width 1.3 Leaf length 1.4 Fresh weight 1.5 Dry weight 8 weeks after planting 10

  11. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Measurements 2. To investigate the effects of biomaterial and/or semi-biomaterial on postharvest quality of lettuces during three successive crop seasons . 2.1 Percentage of fresh weight loss 2 1 P t f f h i ht l 2.2 Overall appearance after storage at 8 ° C for 2 weeks Measurements 2. To investigate the effects of biomaterial and/or semi-biomaterial on postharvest quality of lettuces during three successive crop seasons . 2.1 Percentage of fresh weight loss 2.1 Percentage of fresh weight loss 2.2 Overall appearance Visual quality evaluation scales (Modified form Kader et al .,1973). Score Visual quality Description Excellent 5 essentially free from defects 4 4 Good G d minor defects; not objectionable (<20) i d f t t bj ti bl ( 20) 3 Fair slightly to moderately objectionable defects; lower limit of sales appeal (<50) 2 Poor Excessive defects; limit of salability (<80) 1 Extremely poor Not useable 11

  12. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Results and discussion Effect of biomaterial and semi-biomaterial on growth and production yield of lettuce ‘Red Oak’ after 8 weeks of cultivation. T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 Summer season Table 1 Lettuce yield*. Fresh weight Overall Tr. Leaf number Leaf width Leaf length Fresh weight Dry weight loss appearance (cm) (cm) (g) (g) (%) (score) 5.88 ± 0.16 xc 2.08 ± 0.14 xd 3.29 ± 0.16 xd 0.42 ± 0.06x d 0.04 ± 0.08 xc 33.06 ± 2.33x b 1.33 ± 0.18 xb T1 2.50 ± 0.18 xa T2 9.41 ± 0.40 xb 4.47 ± 0.22 bc 5.78 ± 0.34 bc 2.74 ± 0.40x c 0.24 ± 0.03 xb 27.40 ± 4.46 ab 2.36 ± 0.16 xa Summer T3 8.52 ± 0.27 xb 3.88 ± 0.17 xc 5.51 ± 0.21 xc 2.17 ± 0.24x c 0.14 ± 0.02 xb 23.51 ± 1.18 ab 10.68 ± 0.41 xa 5.12 ± 0.29 xb 6.55 ± 0.25 xb 4.73 ± 0.57x b 0.30 ± 0.03 xb 31.76 ± 5.64x b 2.65 ± 0.14 xa T4 11.63 ± 0.74 xa 6.09 ± 0.52 xa 7.59 ± 0.54 xa 6.58 ± 1.16 xa 0.40 ± 0.07 xa 17.86 ± 1.54x a 2.67 ± 0.18 xa T5 T6 6.25 ± 0.22 xc 2.58 ± 0.24 xd 3.65 ± 0.22 xd 0.54 ± 0.11x d 0.04 ± 0.01 xc 31.51 ± 3.71x b 1.46 ± 0.17 xb * Values are means ± S.E. followed by different letters denote group according to Duncan’s multiple range test ( p = 0.05). 12

  13. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Effect of biomaterial and semi-biomaterial on growth and production yield of lettuce ‘Red Oak’ after 8 weeks of cultivation. T3 T4 T1 T2 T5 T6 Rainy season Table 2 Lettuce yield*. Fresh weight Overall Tr. Leaf number Leaf width Leaf length Fresh weight Dry weight loss appearance (cm) (cm) (g) (g) (%) (score) 5.47 ± 0.19 xc 2.37 ± 0.16 xb 3.59 ± 0.24 xb 0.54 ± 0.07x c 0.02 ± 0.00 xc 41.55 ± 3.48x d 2.38 ± 0.27x b T1 7.69 ± 0.45 xa 8.33 ± 0.40 xa 0.21 ± 0.05 xa 3.47 ± 0.19x a T2 9.66 ± 0.67 xc 6.37 ± 0.80x a 20.63 ± 1.74 ab 9.74 ± 0.62 xc 6.47 ± 0.58 xa 6.93 ± 0.42 xa 3.78 ± 0.58 ab 0.09 ± 0.01 bc 21.65 ± 2.10 bc 3.40 ± 0.24x a T3 Rainy 3.12 ± 0.21x a 7.50 ± 0.28 xa 5.94 ± 1.07 xa 9.55 ± 2.21 xa 2.03 ± 0.26 bc 0.07 ± 0.01 bc 19.53 ± 5.73x a T4 11.00 ± 0.54 xa 7.23 ± 0.56 xa 8.24 ± 0.46 xa 8.87 ± 2.18 xa 0.17 ± 0.04 ab 17.93 ± 2.23 ab 3.67 ± 0.25x a T5 3.06 ± 0.19x a T6 5.28 ± 0.27 xc 2.40 ± 0.19 xb 3.51 ± 0.27 xb 0.58 ± 0.10 xc 0.02 ± 0.00 xc 30.98 ± 2.10 cd * Values are means ± S.E. followed by different letters denote group according to Duncan’s multiple range test ( p = 0.05). Effect of biomaterial and semi-biomaterial on growth and production yield of lettuce ‘Red Oak’ after 8 weeks of cultivation. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Winter season Table 3 Lettuce yield*. Fresh weight Overall Tr. Leaf number Leaf width Leaf length Fresh weight Dry weight loss appearance (cm) (cm) (g) (g) (%) (score) T1 6.19 ± 0.18 xc 4.40 ± 0.21 xb 6.40 ± 0.25 xd 1.99 ± 0.17 xd 0.09 ± 0.01 xd 22.71 ± 1.86 xa 2.56 ± 0.13x c T2 12.81 ± 0.34 xb 10.48 ± 0.23 xa 11.91 ± 0.22 bc 16.71 ± 0.91 xc 0.82 ± 0.06 xc 8.35 ± 1.01 xa 3.07 ± 0.13x b 13.09 ± 0.35 xb 13.36 ± 3.40 xa 11.74 ± 0.23 xc 18.29 ± 1.09 bc 0.84 ± 0.07 xc 12.07 ± 1.44 bc 3.40 ± 0.13x b T3 Winter T4 13.72 ± 0.33 xb 11.08 ± 0.30 xa 12.54 ± 0.21 xb 20.03 ± 0.89 xb 1.03 ± 0.07 xb 3.46 ± 5.45 xa 3.31 ± 0.20x b 15.13 ± 0.44 xa 13.29 ± 0.42 xa 13.52 ± 0.42 xa 30.17 ± 1.91 xa 1.41 ± 0.10 xa 6.32 ± 1.03 xa 3.93 ± 0.07x a T5 T6 5.69 ± 0.21 xc 5.93 ± 1.50 xb 6.49 ± 0.22 xd 1.83 ± 0.18 xd 0.12 ± 0.04 xd 19.38 ± 1.26 xa 2.46 ± 0.14x c * Values are means ± S.E. followed by different letters denote group according to Duncan’s multiple range test ( p = 0.05). 13

  14. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Chibu and Shibayama (1999): When incorporating 0.1% chitosan into soil before planting, growth of lettuce were improved. Eustoma grandiflorum soil mix of chitosan (1%) • enhanced growth • flowered 15 days earlier flowered 15 days earlier • increased flower number and weight (Ohta et al., 1999) chitosan enhanced : • flower stem length • flower-stem length • number of growing leaves • width and length of leaves (Wanichpongpan et al., 2000) Gerbera jamesonii 14

  15. 21/07/54 Oral Presentation CRDC 5 Population of microbes in growing medium after harvest in rainy crop season. T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 T4 Population of microbes 25,000,000 CFU/ml) 20,000,000 Population of microbes ( 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Treatment Ohta et al. (2004): Chitosan may have an elicitor effect changing the microbiota in soil. 15

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