Slide 1 / 92 Slide 2 / 92 BIOLOGY Classification & Phylogeny April 2013 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 92 Slide 4 / 92 Vocabulary Classification & Phylogeny Topics Click on each word below to go to the definition. · Classification & Naming Click on the topic to go to that section acoelomate family phylum · Phylogeny & Cladistics psuedocoelomate angiosperm genus · Domains & Kingdoms bilateral symmetry gymnosperm radial symmetry binomial nomenclature heterotroph species epithet · Kingdom Plantae cladistic analysis n v e r t e b r a t e taxa i · Kingdom Animalia kingdom vertebrate cladogram monocot class xylem coelomate order cotyledon phloem phototroph dicot domain phylogenetic tree endothermic phylogeny Slide 5 / 92 Slide 6 / 92 Classification & Classification Naming Classification is a method of organizing species into groups called taxa . There are 8 taxa in the modern system of classification. This modern system began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. Linnaeus based his classification of species solely on shared characteristics. Scientists have refined this system using molecular homologies and DNA evidence. Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 92 Slide 8 / 92 The Big Picture The Bigger Picture Think about classification in this way.... the country is divided into states, states into counties, counties into towns, towns into streets, and streets into individual houses. Continent People living in the same house have more in common than people on the same street. country People on the same street have more in common than people in state Less in the same town. Common People in the same town have more in common than people in the county same county. town People in the same county have more in common than people in street the same state. house People in the same state have more in common that people in the person same country. More in Common Slide 9 / 92 Slide 10 / 92 The Classification System Species to Domain In other words.... Domain Organisms of the same species have more in common than organisms Kingdom of the same genus. Continent Organisms of the same genus have more in common than organisms Phylum of the same family. Class country Organisms of the same family have more in common than organisms of the same order. Less in state Order Common Organisms of the same order have more in common than organisms of the same class. county Family Organisms of the same class have more in common than organisms of town the phylum. Genus street Organisms of the same phylum have more in common than organisms of the same kingdom. house Species person Organisms of the same kingdom have more in common than organisms of the same domain. More in Common Slide 11 / 92 Slide 12 / 92 1 Which of these groupings has the most in 2 Which of these groupings has the least in common? common? A order A order B class B class C phylum C phylum D kingdom D kingdom
Slide 13 / 92 Slide 14 / 92 3 Below is the biological classification of humans in order 4 Below is the biological classification of the Asian elephant from least in common to most in common. Identify the in order from least in common to most in common. highlighted taxa. Identify the highlighted taxa. Eukarya Eukarya A phylum, order A phylum, order Animalia Animalia B family, genus B family, genus Chordata Chordata C phylum, speices C class, speices Mammalia Mammalia D kingdom, family Primates D phylum, genus Proboscidea Hominidae Elephantidae Homo Elephas Homo sapiens Elephas maximus Slide 15 / 92 Slide 16 / 92 Binomial Nomenclature We are Homo sapiens Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming a species. Each species' name includes the organism's genus and a species epithet to identify it. Common Name Genus species epithet dog Canis familiaris Wolf Canis lupis Sugar Maple Tree Acer sacchaum Human __________ __________ Why are we given this special name? Slide 17 / 92 Slide 18 / 92 Rules for Naming 5 The genus for the American black bears is ursus and the epithet is americanus. Which of the following is the proper species name of American black bears? Homo sapiens A Ursus Americanus 1. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. B Americanus ursus 2. The first letter of the species epithet is never capitalized. C Ursus americanus 3. The whole name is italicized. D Ursus americanus E Americanus Ursus Both the genus and species epithet together are referred to as the name of the species. We are never just called sapiens.
Slide 19 / 92 Slide 20 / 92 Phylogeny & 6 The species name for a tiger is Panthera tigris . What is a tiger's genus? Cladistics A Panthera tigris B Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 92 Slide 22 / 92 Phylogenetic Trees Phylogeny Phylogenetic trees are used to show relatedness among organisms. Branches separate organisms based on traits they have in common. Scientists can further classify a species based on its probable evolutionary Biologists use two methods to place organisms on the phylogenetic history. A phylogeny is a graphic tree: method of illustrating the evolutionary - morphological similarities (similarities in body structure and relationships between species. embryonic development) - molecular similarities (similarities in DNA, RNA, and proteins) Example of a Mammalian Phylogeny Phylogenetic trees are constantly changing to fit in the new information that scientists learn. Slide 23 / 92 Slide 24 / 92 Cladistics 7 Which of the following is NOT used to create a phylogenetic tree? One of the tools used to create a phylogeny is cladistic analysis . A cladogram is a special type of phylogenetic tree that uses derived traits to determine which species are most closely related. A DNA comparison ability to purr domestic cat retractable B Molecular claws homologies C Acquired carnivore leopard characteristics hair wolf D Comparative embryology Common horse Ancestor Turtle
Slide 25 / 92 Slide 26 / 92 Clade Another Way to Show It The closer together two Domestic Cat organisms are on the Leopard Wolf cladogram, the more Turtle Horse shared traits they have in Ability to purr common, therefore the Domestic Cat Leopard more related they are. Wolf Turtle Horse Retractable Ability to purr Claws Retractable Carnivour Claws Carnivour Hair Hair Common Ancestor Common Ancestor Slide 27 / 92 Slide 28 / 92 Slide 29 / 92 Slide 30 / 92 Domains & Kingdoms Domains In a phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth, the first branches represent the 3 domains of the modern classification system. These 3 domains are: Domain Bacteria Eukarya Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Return to Common Ancestor Table of Contents
Slide 31 / 92 Slide 32 / 92 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Archaea is also contains only prokaryotes. These Domain Bacteria consists of prokaryotes prokaryotes share characteristics with both bacteria and and includes the bacteria most people are eukaryotes. They differ from bacteria by a difference in their familiar with including both the the rRNA base sequence and in the structure of their plasma beneficial bacteria used to make yogurt membrane. as well as disease causing organisms such as E.coli O157:H7 Domain Archaea contains organisms which live in places on Earth considered Domain Bacteria has only one kingdom, too volatile for other organisms such as Eubacteria. Species in this kingdom are very hot or salty environments. assigned to more discrete taxa based on Eukarya their cell structures, methods of cellular Eukarya metabolism, and other factors. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Archaea Archaea Bacteria Bacteria Common Ancestor Common Ancestor Slide 33 / 92 Slide 34 / 92 Major Differences Between Domains Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya is made up of eukaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. The Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya cells all have a membrane bound nucleus and Animalia various organelles. Unicellular Yes Yes Some species Plantae Fungi Phospholipids, Different types, Phospholipids, This domain is broken into 4 kingdoms: Membrane lipids unbranched branched unbranched Protista - Protista - Fungi Yes with Yes without Cell Wall Some species - Plantae peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Eukarya - Animalia Nuclear Envelope No No Yes Archaea Membrane-bound Bacteria No No Yes organelles Common Ancestor Slide 35 / 92 Slide 36 / 92 10 Which domain do Homo sapiens belong to? 11 What Domain has the most in common with LUCA? A Bacteria A Bacteria B Eukarya B Eukarya C Archaea C Archaea
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