Slide 1 / 92 Slide 2 / 92 BIOLOGY Classification & Phylogeny April 2013 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 92 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. acoelomate family phylum psuedocoelomate angiosperm genus bilateral symmetry gymnosperm radial symmetry binomial nomenclature heterotroph species epithet taxa cladistic analysis i n v e r t e b r a t e kingdom cladogram vertebrate monocot xylem class coelomate order cotyledon phloem dicot phototroph domain phylogenetic tree endothermic phylogeny
Slide 4 / 92 Classification & Phylogeny Topics · Classification & Naming Click on the topic to go to that section · Phylogeny & Cladistics · Domains & Kingdoms · Kingdom Plantae · Kingdom Animalia Slide 5 / 92 Classification & Naming Return to Table of Contents Slide 6 / 92 Classification Classification is a method of organizing species into groups called taxa . There are 8 taxa in the modern system of classification. This modern system began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. Linnaeus based his classification of species solely on shared characteristics. Scientists have refined this system using molecular homologies and DNA evidence.
Slide 7 / 92 The Bigger Picture Think about classification in this way.... the country is divided into states, states into counties, counties into towns, towns into streets, and streets into individual houses. People living in the same house have more in common than people on the same street. People on the same street have more in common than people in the same town. People in the same town have more in common than people in the same county. People in the same county have more in common than people in the same state. People in the same state have more in common that people in the same country. Slide 8 / 92 The Big Picture Continent country state Less in Common county town street house person More in Common Slide 9 / 92 The Classification System Domain Kingdom Continent Phylum Class country Less in state Order Common county Family town Genus street house Species person More in Common
Slide 10 / 92 Species to Domain In other words.... Organisms of the same species have more in common than organisms of the same genus. Organisms of the same genus have more in common than organisms of the same family. Organisms of the same family have more in common than organisms of the same order. Organisms of the same order have more in common than organisms of the same class. Organisms of the same class have more in common than organisms of the phylum. Organisms of the same phylum have more in common than organisms of the same kingdom. Organisms of the same kingdom have more in common than organisms of the same domain. Slide 11 / 92 1 Which of these groupings has the most in common? A order class B C phylum D kingdom Slide 12 / 92 2 Which of these groupings has the least in common? A order B class C phylum D kingdom
Slide 13 / 92 3 Below is the biological classification of humans in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. Eukarya A phylum, order Animalia B family, genus Chordata C phylum, speices Mammalia D kingdom, family Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens Slide 14 / 92 4 Below is the biological classification of the Asian elephant in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. Eukarya A phylum, order Animalia B family, genus Chordata C class, speices Mammalia D phylum, genus Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas Elephas maximus Slide 15 / 92 We are Homo sapiens Why are we given this special name?
Slide 16 / 92 Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming a species. Each species' name includes the organism's genus and a species epithet to identify it. Common Name Genus species epithet dog Canis familiaris Wolf Canis lupis Sugar Maple Tree Acer sacchaum Human __________ __________ Slide 17 / 92 Rules for Naming Homo sapiens 1. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. 2. The first letter of the species epithet is never capitalized. 3. The whole name is italicized. Both the genus and species epithet together are referred to as the name of the species. We are never just called sapiens. Slide 18 / 92 5 The genus for the American black bears is ursus and the epithet is americanus. Which of the following is the proper species name of American black bears? A Ursus Americanus B Americanus ursus C Ursus americanus D Ursus americanus E Americanus Ursus
Slide 19 / 92 6 The species name for a tiger is Panthera tigris . What is a tiger's genus? A Panthera B tigris Slide 20 / 92 Phylogeny & Cladistics Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 92 Phylogeny Scientists can further classify a species based on its probable evolutionary history. A phylogeny is a graphic method of illustrating the evolutionary relationships between species. Example of a Mammalian Phylogeny
Slide 22 / 92 Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic trees are used to show relatedness among organisms. Branches separate organisms based on traits they have in common. Biologists use two methods to place organisms on the phylogenetic tree: - morphological similarities (similarities in body structure and embryonic development) - molecular similarities (similarities in DNA, RNA, and proteins) Phylogenetic trees are constantly changing to fit in the new information that scientists learn. Slide 23 / 92 7 Which of the following is NOT used to create a phylogenetic tree? A DNA comparison B Molecular homologies C Acquired characteristics D Comparative embryology Slide 24 / 92 Cladistics One of the tools used to create a phylogeny is cladistic analysis . A cladogram is a special type of phylogenetic tree that uses derived traits to determine which species are most closely related. ability to purr domestic cat retractable claws carnivore leopard hair wolf Common horse Ancestor Turtle
Slide 25 / 92 Another Way to Show It Domestic Cat Leopard Wolf Turtle Horse Ability to purr Retractable Claws Carnivour Hair Common Ancestor Slide 26 / 92 Clade The closer together two organisms are on the cladogram, the more shared traits they have in common, therefore the Domestic Cat Leopard more related they are. Wolf Turtle Horse Ability to purr Retractable Claws Carnivour Hair Common Ancestor Slide 27 / 92
Slide 28 / 92 Slide 29 / 92 Domains & Kingdoms Return to Table of Contents Slide 30 / 92 Domains In a phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth, the first branches represent the 3 domains of the modern classification system. These 3 domains are: Domain Bacteria Eukarya Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Common Ancestor
Slide 31 / 92 Domain Bacteria Domain Bacteria consists of prokaryotes and includes the bacteria most people are familiar with including both the the beneficial bacteria used to make yogurt as well as disease causing organisms such as E.coli O157:H7 Domain Bacteria has only one kingdom, Eubacteria. Species in this kingdom are assigned to more discrete taxa based on Eukarya their cell structures, methods of cellular metabolism, and other factors. Eubacteria Archaea Bacteria Common Ancestor Slide 32 / 92 Domain Archaea Domain Archaea is also contains only prokaryotes. These prokaryotes share characteristics with both bacteria and eukaryotes. They differ from bacteria by a difference in their rRNA base sequence and in the structure of their plasma membrane. Domain Archaea contains organisms which live in places on Earth considered too volatile for other organisms such as very hot or salty environments. Eukarya Archaebacteria Archaea Bacteria Common Ancestor Slide 33 / 92 Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya is made up of eukaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. The cells all have a membrane bound nucleus and Animalia various organelles. Plantae Fungi This domain is broken into 4 kingdoms: Protista - Protista - Fungi - Plantae Eukarya - Animalia Archaea Bacteria Common Ancestor
Slide 34 / 92 Major Differences Between Domains Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Unicellular Yes Yes Some species Phospholipids, Different types, Phospholipids, Membrane lipids unbranched branched unbranched Yes with Yes without Cell Wall Some species peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Nuclear Envelope No No Yes Membrane-bound No No Yes organelles Slide 35 / 92 10 Which domain do Homo sapiens belong to? A Bacteria Eukarya B C Archaea Slide 36 / 92 11 What Domain has the most in common with LUCA? A Bacteria B Eukarya C Archaea
Slide 37 / 92 12 Which domain has 4 kingdoms? A Bacteria B Eukarya C Archaea Slide 38 / 92 Kingdom Protista Like all eukaryotes, protists contain organelles and have a true nucleus. Most are unicellular, but some (like algae) are multicellular. Often they create colonies. plasmodium Some are heterotrophs (getting slime mold energy from organic compounds) and some are phototrophs (getting energy from the sun). amoeba Slide 39 / 92 Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic and nearly all fungi are multicellular. They have cell walls that contain chitin. Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food as they lack chloroplasts. Species in this kingdom are assigned to phyla based on their sexual reproductive structures.
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