Initial Investigation of Petroleum Systems of the Permian Basin, USA Ronald J. Hill 1 , Dan Jarvie 2 , Brenda Claxton 2 , Jack Burgess 2 and Jack Williams 3 1 United States Geological Survey Box 25046, MS 977 Denver, CO 80225 2 Humble Geochemical Services Humble, TX 77338 3 AMOCO (Retired) Humble Geochemical Services Division Acknowledgements United States Geologic Survey Angie Beebe Cyndi Kester Carl Bern Chuck Threlkeld David King Mike Pribil Humble Geochemical Brian Jarvie Melissa Dodd Humble Geochemical Services Division
Presentation Outline • Goals of the study • Geologic summary • Analytical methods • Definition and distribution of oil types • Biodegradation • Mixing of oils • Conclusions Humble Geochemical Services Division Goals of this Study • Provide geochemical input for the USGS Permian Basin oil and gas assessment project • Provide state-of-the art geochemical data on Permian Basin petroleum systems • Perform oil inversion study to characterize source rocks (in the absence of correlation for all sources) • Confirm previous assessments of the Permian Basin petroleum systems Humble Geochemical Services Division
Permian Basin Production History Cumulative Oil: 34.9 Billion barrels Cumulative Gas: 98.5 Trillion cubic feet Total Wells Drilled: 131, 950 Active Wells: 107, 098 First Production: 1905 Humble Geochemical Services Division Location of the Permian Basin Canada U.S.A. Mexico Humble Geochemical Services Division
Structural Elements of the Permian Basin Matador Arch Midland Basin Eastern Shelf A’ Ozona A Arch Humble Geochemical Services Division Permian Basin Cross Section Humble Geochemical Services Division
Sys. Sys. Sys. Stage Stage Stage Formation Formation Formation Lithology Lithology Lithology OilsSRs Oils Samples Quat. Quat. Quat. Judkinss Ogallala Judkinss Ogallala Judkinss Ogallala Tert. Tert. Tert. (n=300+) Edwards Edwards Edwards Cret. Cret. Cret. Trias. Trias. Trias. Paluxy Paluxy Paluxy Idealized Upper Upper Upper Dockum Dockum Dockum Cretaceous Permian Dewey Lake Dewey Lake Dewey Lake U. Permian Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Rustler Rustler Rustler Basin Castile Salado Salado Salado Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Bell Canyon Shale Shale Shale Stratigraphy Upper Upper Upper Permian Permian Permian Delaware Antesia Antesia Antesia Evaporite Evaporite Evaporite Queen Limestone Limestone Limestone Grayburg Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite San Andres San Andres San Andres San Andres Glorieta Glorieta Glorieta L. Permian Lower Lower Lower Clear Fork Clear Fork Clear Fork Clear Fork Glorieta Wolfcamp Wolfcamp Wolfcamp Cisco Cisco Cisco Canyon Canyon Canyon Tubb U. U. U. Dev. Carb. Dev. Carb. Dev. Carb. Strawn Strawn Strawn M. M. M. Bone Spring Barnett Barnett Barnett L. L. L. Miss. Ls Miss. Ls Miss. Ls Spraberry Woodford Woodford Woodford M. M. M. Abo Thirtyone Thirtyone Thirtyone L. L. L. Wichita-Albany U. U. U. Wriston Wriston Wriston Sil. Sil. Sil. L. L. L. Fusselman Fusselman Fusselman Pennsylvanian Montoya Montoya Montoya Ordovician Ordovician Ordovician U. U. U. Devonian Simpson Simpson Simpson M. M. M. Silurian Ordovician L. L. L. Ellenburger Ellenburger Ellenburger Modified from Katz et al. , 1994 Humble Geochemical Services Division Permian Basin Oils Samples Used in this Study 300+ Oils Matador Arch Source Rocks • Simpson • Barnett Eastern Shelf • Bone Springs MB Ozona Arch Humble Geochemical Services Division
Analytical Approach • Carbon isotopes (saturated and aromatic HC) • Sulfur Content • High- resolution gas chromatography (GC) of oils and rock extracts • Biomarker analysis (GCMS) Humble Geochemical Services Division Permian Basin Oil Families • Permian Leonardian Bone Springs – Upper (Shale and carbonate) – Lower (Carbonate) • Permian Guadalupe • Permian Wolfcamp • Pennsylvanian? • Mississippian Barnett Shale • Devonian-Mississippian Woodford Shale • Ordovician Simpson Formation Humble Geochemical Services Division
Stable carbon isotopes of Permian Basin oils are variable -25.0 13 C -26.0 -27.0 -28.0 Aromatic HC -29.0 -30.0 -31.0 -32.0 -33.0 -34.0 -35.0 -35.0 -34.0 -33.0 -32.0 -31.0 -30.0 -29.0 -28.0 -27.0 -26.0 -25.0 13 C Saturated HC Humble Geochemical Services Division Sulfur content of Permian Basin oils implies variable source facies 5.00 4.50 Carbonate Biodegraded or Mixed Weight % Sulfur 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Kukersite Marine Shale 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 Pristane / Phytane Humble Geochemical Services Division
Biological Marker (biomarkers): Terpane Ion Chromatograms G. prisca source: Marine shale source: low tricyclics High tricyclics Ordovician e.g., Woodford Carbonate source: High C 29 hopane Predom. C 35 hopane e.g., Bone Springs Humble Geochemical Services Division Biomarker Ratios Steranes (m/z 217) Terpanes (m/z 191) C19t/C23t C29H/C30H C27 aaa 20R C22t/C21t C28BNH/C30H C28 aaa 20R C22t/C24t 25-Nor/C30H C29 aaa 20R C24t/C23t C30DiaH/C30H C27 Dia/(Dia+Reg) C26t/C25t Ole/C30H (C21+C22)/(C27+C28+C29) C24Tet/C23t C31HR/C30H C29 abb/(aaa+abb) C24Tet/C26t C35HS/C34HS C29 aaa 20S/20R C23t/C30H C35 Homohopane Index C29 aaa 20S/(S+R) C24Tet/C30H Ts/(Ts+Tm) Gam/C30H C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H) Gam/C31HR Mor/C30H C32 S/(S+R) -Steranes (m/z 218) Other Ratios C27 abb 20(R+S) Tricyclic/Pentacyclic Terpanes C28 abb 20(R+S) Steranes/Terpanes C29 abb 20(R+S) C29/C27 abb Sterane Ratio Humble Geochemical Services Division
Differentiation of Permian Basin Shales Steranes %27 / %28 / %29 Bone Springs 45 / 19 / 36 Wolfcamp 53 / 19 / 28 Pennsylvanian 40 / 19 / 41 Humble Geochemical Services Division Differentiation of Permian Basin Carbonate Bone Springs D 13 C sat –27.5 - -28.5 Guadalupe 13 C sat –29.0 - -30.0 Humble Geochemical Services Division
Permian Oils Overlay on Williston Basin Type-specific Oils 3R 3R P P +5R +5R P P 10 10 90 90 C AR BON ATE -SOU R C E DOILS C AR BON ATE -SOU R C E DOILS 20 80 SH SH ALE ALE -SOU -SO U R R C C E E DOILS DOILS 20 80 G.P G.P R R ISC ISC A-SOU A-SOU R R C C E E DO DOILS ILS 416 P E R M IANBASINOILS 30 30 70 70 40 40 60 60 Maturation trend for shales 50 50 50 50 60 60 40 40 70 70 30 30 80 80 20 20 90 90 10 10 6R 6R P P P P 1 1 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division Confirmation of Light Hydrocarbon Inference Sample 041 T2-164 TOKIO, S - WOLFCAMP Ion mass 19 40000 30000 3R P +5R P 20000 10 90 SH ALE -SOU R CE DOILS G.P RISC A-SOUR C E DO ILS 20 80 C AR BONATE -SOU R CE DOILS T2-164 WOLFCAM PC ARBON ATE 10000 30 70 40 60 50 60 70 50 50 60 40 70 30 80 20 90 10 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division
Shale-sourced Oil Hopane Biomarkers Sample 19-011 T2-111 LIVENGOOD - CISCO Ion mass 19 30000 3R P +5R P 20000 10 90 C AR BON ATE -SO U R C E DOILS SH ALE -SOU R C E DOILS 20 80 G.P R ISCA-SOU R C E DOILS T2-111 C ISC O(P E N N.) OIL 10000 30 70 40 60 50 60 70 50 50 60 40 70 30 80 20 90 10 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division Classical G. prisca Fingerprint 2400 3R P +5R P 2000 1600 10 90 n-C 19 predominance 1200 C AR BO N ATE -SOU R C E DOILS 20 80 SH ALE -SOU R C E DOILS 800 G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DOILS T2-72 E LLE N BU R GE ROIL 30 70 400 40 60 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 50 50 60 40 70 30 80 20 90 10 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division
Carbonate biomarkers with shale C7 light hydrocarbons Sample 022 N5-58 HOBBS, E - SAN ANDRES Ion mass 19 90000 80000 70000 3R P +5R P 60000 50000 40000 10 90 C AR BO N ATE -SO U R C E DO ILS 30000 SH ALE -SOU R C E DO ILS 20 80 20000 G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DO ILS 10000 N 5-67SANAN D R E SOIL 30 70 N 5-58SANAN D R E SOIL 50 60 70 40 60 Sample 027 N5-67 HOUSE - SAN ANDRES Ion mass 50 50 60000 60 40 50000 40000 70 30 30000 80 20 20000 90 10 10000 6R P P 1 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division but… Sample 042 T2-165 - DEVONIAN Ion mass 1 12000 10000 3R P +5R P 8 000 6 000 10 90 C AR BON ATE -SOU R C E DOILS SH ALE -SOU R C E DOILS 4 000 G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DOILS 20 80 T2-165D E VON IANOIL 2 000 30 70 50 60 70 40 60 High diasteranes relative C27aa 50 50 2700 2400 60 40 2100 70 30 1800 1500 80 20 1200 900 90 10 600 58 60 62 64 66 68 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Humble Geochemical Services Division
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