From grave to cradle: EV battery recycling Sam Haig, Battery Recycling Business Manager Dismantling the Future, November 2019 R. S. BRUCE METALS & MACHINERY LTD www.rsbruce.com
Vehicle designs are experiencing a sea change with the growth of new Vehicle designs are experiencing a sea change with the growth of new technology technology � Electric batteries High-torque motors Touch screen displays In many ways, modern designs have as much in common with a piece of electronics as 15-year old vehicles Autonomy and self-control Complex circuitry and sensors Lightweight composite materials www.rsbruce.com
Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase � Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase www.rsbruce.com
Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase � Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase Global Battery Alliance: A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030, 2019 www.rsbruce.com
Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase � Batteries and electrification are part of this trend and volumes will only increase European Commission: Lithium-ion batteries for mobility and stationary storage applications, 2018 www.rsbruce.com
End of life treatment of batteries could be a multi-billion dollar industry End of life treatment of batteries could be a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide worldwide � Global Battery Alliance: A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030, 2019 www.rsbruce.com
Electric and other AF vehicle sales are growing year on year � Electric and other AF vehicle sales are growing year on year 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 Vehicles sold 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 Over 200,000 vehicles sold to date 10,000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 BEV PHEV www.rsbruce.com
Sales of vehicles today means EL(E)Vs tomorrow Sales of vehicles today means EL(E)Vs tomorrow � 30,000 Vehicles reaching end of life (est) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 BEV PHEV How can recyclers meet this challenge? www.rsbruce.com
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At the moment ELV waste has a positive value, but that may well change At the moment ELV waste has a positive value, but that may well change � 2040 ELV waste (2025-2035 sales) 40%? electric battery 30%? composites +£100 30%? others ? 2019 ELV waste -£500 (2000-2010 sales) 70% steel 5% aluminium 10% polymer 15% others www.rsbruce.com
When it comes to end of life, electric vehicles present challenges for recyclers � When it comes to end of life, electric vehicles present challenges for recyclers Collection Depollution Dismantling How do we tell whether a Where are packs positioned How can high voltage packs vehicle contains a battery? and how are they removed? be handled safely? What is the value of an EV What specialist equipment What dismantling procedure at end of first life? is needed to remove packs? must be followed? How can damaged vehicles How can packs be stored How are welds and glued be handled safely? safely after removal? parts dealt with efficiently? Reuse Recycling What communication How can cells be processed protocols do packs use? safely? What testing regimes and What materials should be criteria will determine recovered for most value? whether a pack/module is How can I be sure recycling good or bad? complies with battery regs? www.rsbruce.com
Batteries are complex constructions containing cells that come in multiple Batteries are complex constructions containing cells that come in multiple formats and chemistries formats and chemistries � Packs are divided into modules and contain metals, plastics, PCBs … www.rsbruce.com
Batteries are complex constructions containing cells that come in multiple Batteries are complex constructions containing cells that come in multiple formats and chemistries formats and chemistries � Cells come in several different formats and chemistries for different applications www.rsbruce.com
At present, there are only a handful of battery recyclers in Europe, and At present, there are only a handful of battery recyclers in Europe, and many are exported further afield many are exported further afield � Transport is difficult and Akkuser expensive Finland Umicore Most treatment is through Belgium expensive and high energy metallurgical processes Accurec Germany Many “recyclers” only sort Duesenfeld Germany Total cost per 300 kg EV pack £1,000-2,000 SNAM France Significant volumes are exported to Asia for recycling European capacity <20,000 te/yr www.rsbruce.com
The economics of recycling are highly variable � The economics of recycling are highly variable Cobalt price 2016-19, $/tonne LME.com: Cobalt cash buyer price www.rsbruce.com
Second life applications are possible for some batteries but there is limited Second life applications are possible for some batteries but there is limited capacity capacity � McKinsey: Second-life EV batteries: The newest value pool in energy storage, 2019 www.rsbruce.com
R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling � R S Bruce core skills Process plant metal recovery Non-destructive cleaning Dismantling and removal Contract blending Specialist equipment design Heat treatment and drying Crushing and grading Analytical services and R&D www.rsbruce.com
R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling � R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling RS Bruce is addressing the growing volume of end of life lithium-ion batteries by establishing a UK-based treatment and material recycling process. Current processes are all based in mainland Europe, requiring expensive and time-consuming transport. The process will build on RS Bruce’s track record of innovation in metal recovery through advanced material processing, chemistry, and metallurgy. www.rsbruce.com
R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling � R S Bruce is addressing the challenge of lithium-ion battery recycling Cells are discharged, dismantled, and recycled. The process recovers all major parts of the cell: metals, plastics, graphite, and cathode powder. Recovery rates are >80%. The process is safe, low-energy, and environmentally-friendly. www.rsbruce.com
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Sam Haig, Battery Recycling Business Manager +44 (0) 114 244 8050 sam.haig@rsbruce.com R. S. BRUCE METALS & MACHINERY LTD www.rsbruce.com
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