EMOTIONAL LEARNING & MEMORY L E A R N I N G & M E M O RY A R L O C L A R K - F O O S MR Scan:
PUBLIC EMOTIONAL EVENTS • Presidential Assassinations (and attempts) • Natural Disasters (e.g., Tsunami or Earthquake) • Resignation of Margaret Thatcher • Attack on Pearl Harbor • O.J. Simpson Verdict • Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster • Death of Princess Diana • Death of Osama Bin Laden • Attack on World Trade Center How much can you recall?
PUBLIC EMOTIONAL EVENTS Colegrove (1899) Abraham Lincoln’s assassination (1865 ): A very public event
9/11 FLASHBULB • The evening of 9/10… • Discovery memory • Fact memory • Rehearsals • More later…
ORDINARY EVENTS Can you recall details of any specific cars you passed on the way to the campus today?
EMOTION • Three Components – Physiological responses – Overt Behaviors – Conscious Feelings • Fear Responses • Paul Ekman’s Faces • Does Culture play any role? Ekman & Friesen (2003)
AUTONOMIC AROUSAL • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Stress Hormones • Epinepherine ( adrenaline ) • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol ) – Similar response for pleasurable and unpleasant situations?
WILLIAM JAMES & CARL LANGE • Conscious Feelings of Emotion & Physiological Responses – Which comes first? – Somatic Theories of Emotion (e.g., Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hyp.) – Making angry faces or Putting on a happy face • Rating jokes with chopsticks in your mouth (Strack et al., 1988)
THE PROBLEM WITH RUNNERS AND SEX • Walter Cannon and Philip Bard (1927) – Which comes first now? • Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962) – “High Bridge” – Scary Movies
EMOTIONAL ANIMALS • Tina the Elephant, Chimpanzee Baby Showers, and Killer Whales – Physiological Responses, Overt Behaviors, Conscious Feelings? – Tickling and laughing animals • Tickling as reinforcement • Vocalizations (Simonet et al., 2005) and Brain Activation (Meyer et al, 2007)
FEAR CONDITIONING • Freezing, why? – Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)\ • US, UR, CS, CR – Emotional Learning is… • Fast • Long Lasting • Hard to Forget/Extinguish
FEAR CONDITIONING • LeDoux et al. (1990) 1. Familiarize/habituate to environment 2. CS + US 3. Test cue and context Learn Cue Learn Context Without Without Cue: Context: Eliminate Eliminate CS-US Familiarization Contingency Phase
SINGLE- AND MULTI-TRIAL LEARNING • Claparède (1911): Korsakoff’s Disease – “sometimes people hide needles in their hands” • Damasio et al. (1985): Boswell – Hospital staff favorites • Johnson et al. (1985): Bio sketches – Amnesiacs could still recall who was a “bad guy” • Tranel & Damasio (1985): Prosopagnosia – SCR vs. Recognition: Family vs. Strangers
CONDITIONED ESCAPE • Negative Reinforcement S D (Shock) R (Lever) O (Escape) • Even Better…Conditioned Avoidance – Shouldn’t this extinguish?
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS • Seligman’s – Avoidance Paradigm • Prior Exposure to Inescapable Shock • Transfer CS (tone) US (shock) to the Avoidance Paradigm – Remove Wall, Bait Chamber, Experimenter Encouragement – Depression?
MERE EXPOSURE HYPOTHESIS • Zajonc (1968) – ‘Turkish’ words (e.g., jandara, ikitaf ) – Also for Chinese caligraphy – Also for rapidly ( 1msec ) presented shapes (Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980) • Word Frequency Long Short Above Below ( Kučera & Francis, 1967) 785 212 296 145 • Ratings of positivity – Good (more common/positive) vs. Better (less common/positive)
STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL • Rehearsal? • Cahill & McGaugh (1995) – Arousing Story Content
EPISODIC MEMORY • Paired-Associates (Kleinsmith & Kaplan, 1963) – Numbers and Words • Love, Kiss, Vomit, Rape
MOOD CONGRUENCY • Music and Word- Autobiographical Memory Associations – Eich et al. (1994) – Advertising?
FLASHBULB MEMORIES • Brown & Kulik (1977) Interrupted Where – Six categories of remembered info. Events Source Did After – Discovery vs. Fact memory Others My Reactions Reactions • McCloskey vs. Bohannon – indirect rehearsals • Pillemer (1998) – High Subjective Confidence
FLASHBULB MEMORIES • Bohannon on the role of rehearsals and affect
FLASHBULB MEMORIES • Schmolk et al. (2000) – Californians and the O.J. Simpson verdict – Tested at 3 days, 15 months, & 32 months – Long-term accuracy related to intensity of emotional reaction
FLASHBULB MEMORIES • FBs are…Long lasting, vivid, largely accurate • Ulrich Neisser’s Flashbulb Memory
WEAPON FOCUS (A CASE OF AN EMOTION AND MEMORY TRADE- OFF)
WEAPON FOCUS • Was there an animal in the background? – What color? – Johnson & Scott (1976) • Weapon vs. No Weapon Group • Bloody letter opener
PAUSE FOR SLIDESHOW…
EMOTIONAL FOCUS: A TRADE-OFF Peripheral Details Central Details
FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS • Freud, Hans, and a fallen Horse – Unconscious anxiety about father/mother and fear of castration (Freud) – Conditioned fear of horses (Eichenbaum) CS (HORSE) US (FALLING ANIMAL/HURT) CR (FEAR/PHOBIA) UR (FEAR/STARTLE)
FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS • Mineka et al. (1984) – Rhesus Monkey & Mom • Conditioning a fear of snakes – Transactive memory (Wegner, 1985)
FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS • Davis et al. (1994): Fear-Potentiated Startle Reflex – Relaxed vs. Nervous
YOU NEGATIVE NANCY! • Conditioned Place Preference Maybe they just like lights? counterbalancing No response required for reinforcement
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF BRAIN AND EMOTION
PAPEZ CIRCUIT (1937) • Two Pathways – Higher Order ( thought ) vs. Lower Order ( feeling ) – Limbic Lobe
AMYGDALA • Nuclei – Central – Basal/Basolateral – Lateral
JOSEPH LEDOUX’S AMYGDALOIDS
JOSÉ DELGADO (1974) Electrode implantation in the amygdala Dr. José Delgado, Director of Neuropsychiatry Yale University Medical School Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118 February 24, 1974 " We need a program of psychosurgery for political control of our society. The purpose is physical control of the mind. Everyone who deviates from the given norm can be surgically mutilated. ” "The individual may think that the most important reality is his own existence, but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks historical perspective. Man does not have the right to develop his own mind. This kind of liberal orientation has great appeal. We must electronically control the brain. Someday armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of the brain.“
TICKLING THE ALMOND • Species-typical defensive/emotional reactions – Cats – Humans – Rabbits Two-Factor Theory
EMOTION EXPRESSION • Kluver-Bucy disorder (1937): Temporal Lesions – psychic blindness • Adolphs et al. (1994, 1995): S.M. (Urbach-Wiethe) – Difficulty recognizing fear , anger, and surprise – Perceived fear as emotional, not fearful
ADOLPHS ET AL. (1994) S.M. (Urbach-Wiethe)
ADOLPHS ET AL. (1995)
BREITER ET AL. (1996) • Amygdala activation and happy/fearful faces
SOMMERVILLE ET AL. (2000) • Amygdala activation and happy faces too! Important for processing emotion, how about remembering it?
FEAR CONDITIONING …AGAIN • Phillips & LeDoux (1992) What is happening in the amygdala?
FEAR CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
FEAR CONDITIONING CIRCUIT WITH AUDITORY CS
EMOTIONAL VS. COGNITIVE MEMORY • Bechara et al. (1995): SCR and Recognition Amygdala Damage (Urbach-Wiethe) Hippocampal Damage Amygdala and Hippocampal Damage
THALAMIC AND CORTICAL INPUT LeDoux’s Two-Factor Direct ~ 12ms Indirect ~ 19ms
LATERAL ALMOND RESPONDS TO SCARY ALMONDS • Lateral Nucelus and Learning (LTP) • Optogenetics – Replacing CS with Stimulation of Inputs to LN(e.g., Nabavi et al., 2014)
AMYGDALA AND EXPLICIT MEMORY • Cahill et al. (1996)
BASOLATERAL NUCLEUS • Cahill & McGaugh (1998) – Arousing story memory and amygdala damage – Norepinephrine/propranolol
CENTRAL NUCLEUS Stress Hormones Blood brain barrier and (Nor)epinipherine 1. Fear 2. ANS 3. Adrenal Gland 4. Brainstem 5. Basolateral (waves) 6. Cortex/Hippo/Basal
STEP-THROUGH INHIBITORY AVOIDANCE • McGaugh et al. (1996): Basolateral Nucleus – Glucocorticoids and Vagus Nerve
NEVER FORGET! • Gold & van Buskirk (1975) Taste Aversions
EMOTIONAL CONTEXT • Phillips & LeDoux (1992)
EMOTIONAL VS. COGNITIVE MEMORY (A REMINDER) • Bechara et al. (1995): SCR and Recognition Amygdala Damage (Urbach-Wiethe) Hippocampal Damage Amygdala and Hippocampal Damage
A DOUBLE DISSOCIATION • McDonald & White (1993) – Win-Shift • Hippocampus Dmg: Bad – CPP ( Positive ) • Amygdala Damage: Bad – Win-Stay • Striatum Damage: Bad
REMEMBERING BY THE SEAT OF YOUR PANTS • Goldinger & Hansen (2005) – Thalamic input to LN?
PFC AND THE TWO-FACTOR THEORY • Frontal patients – Disruption of emotion/mood – Frontal Lobotomy
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