E nergy recovery from used cooking oil Lidia Lombardi * , Barbara - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

E nergy recovery from used cooking oil Lidia Lombardi * , Barbara Mendecka ** , Ennio Carnevale ** * Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy – lidia.lombardi@unicusano.it ** Industrial Engineering Department, Florence University, Italy – barbara.mendecka@unifi.it ** Industrial Engineering Department, Florence University, Italy – ennio.carnevale@unifi.it 4th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

O utline 1. Introduction 2. LCA: goal and scope definition 3. LCA: inventory analysis 4. Results and discussion 5. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses 6. Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 2 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

Introduction Used cooking oil (UCO) is the residue oil generated during food preparation by frying and cooking. 1.Introduction 2.LCA: goal and scope definition 3.LCA: inventory analysis 4.Results and discussion Alternative energy Water pollutant 5.Sensitivity and source: uncertainty analyses Biodiesel Fuel for CHP 6.Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 3 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

LCA: goal and scope definition Aim of the study The purpose of this LCA study was to analyse and compare the 1.Introduction environmental impacts due to the different alternative ways of energy recovery from UCO. 2.LCA: goal and scope definition The impact assessment was carried out adopting: 3.LCA: inventory analysis • climate change indicator from IPCC (implemented from CML ‐ IA) 4.Results and • analysis of cumulative consumption of non ‐ renewable discussion exergy. 5.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses The analysis was carried out, reported and described according to the LCA phases (ISO 14040 ‐ 44, 2009). 6.Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 4 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

LCA: goal and scope definition Analysed scenarios 1 CHP plant fed by regenerated UCO CHP 1.Introduction 2.LCA: goal and 2 Alkali ‐ NaOH catalytic conventional biodiesel NaOH scope definition production 3.LCA: inventory 3 Alkali ‐ KOH catalytic conventional biodiesel KOH analysis production 4.Results and 4 Acid ‐ H 2 SO 4 catalytic conventional biodiesel ACID discussion production 5.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses 5 Non catalytic supercritical biodiesel Supercritical production 6.Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 5 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

LCA: goal and scope definition Boundaries system 1.Introduction transport ‐ oil 2.LCA: goal and containers washing scope definition collection 3.LCA: inventory analysis delivering of UCO to the plants 4.Results and discussion processing at the plants (respectively CHP or biodiesel production) 5.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses 6.Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 6 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

LCA: goal and scope definition Functional unit 1.Introduction Functional unit: 800 t of UCO per year. (with reference to a study case located in Italy, Prato district). 2.LCA: goal and This amount of UCO is considered to feed cogeneration or scope definition biodiesel plants. 3.LCA: inventory Consequential approach – expansion system – avoided effects: analysis Multi ‐ functional process 4.Results and Additional function Subst. Material CHP Biodiesel discussion  Electricity recovery IT electr. mix ‐  Heat recovery IT heat mix ‐ 5.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses  Biodiesel Diesel, petroleum product ‐  Glycerol Glycerol, from epichlorohydrin ‐ 6.Conclusions 4th International Conference on Sustainable 7 Solid Waste Management, Limassol, 23–25 June 2016

LCA: inventory analysis Boundaries system Table 1 : UCO quality comparison – experimental study (Prato) 1.Introduction UCO after UCO after CHP Parameter, unit collection pre ‐ treatment 2.LCA: goal and scope definition Density (15 ° C), kg/m3 918 916 Flashpoint, ° C 245 237 Net Calorific Value, MJ/kg 36.89 37.26 3.LCA: inventory Kinematic viscosity (40 ° C), mm2/s 20 analysis 20 Carbon residue, % mass <0.1 4.Results and Iodine value, g/100g 114 37 discussion Number of sulfur, mg/kg 3.1 3.2 Total contamination, mg/kg 8.4 8 Neutralization number, mgKOH/g 1.5 5.Sensitivity and 1.4 uncertainty analyses Free fatty acids, % 0.2 0.1 Oxidation stability, H 9 10 6.Conclusions Phosphorus content, mg/kg 3.2 <5 Ash content, % mass 0.01 0.003 Water content, % mass 0.075 0.1 8

LCA: inventory analysis Washing and transportation phases Table 2: Inventory of container washing phase and transportation phase 1.Introduction 2.LCA: goal and Data source Inputs/outputs Total scope definition Input UCO, t 800 Primary 3.LCA: inventory Washing and storage plant analysis Input Water, l 39 000 Primary Electricity – containers washing, 5003 Primary 4.Results and kWh discussion Output UCO, t 800 Primary 5.Sensitivity and Wastewater, l 39 000 Primary uncertainty analyses Transport to plant Input Diesel, l 5 000 Primary 6.Conclusions 9

LCA: inventory analysis CHP plant fed by regenerated UCO Table 3: Inventory of the pre ‐ treatment phase 1.Introduction Data source 2.LCA: goal and Inputs/outputs Total scope definition Cogeneration plant ‐ oil regeneration Input 3.LCA: inventory UCO, t 800 Primary analysis Electricity ‐ pre ‐ heating, kWh 18 754 Primary Electricity – sieving, decantation and 177 Primary 4.Results and pumping, kWh discussion Electricity – filtration and extraction, 13 104 Primary kWh Water, l 40 000 Primary 5.Sensitivity and Output uncertainty analyses Regenerated UCO, t 767 Secondary Wastewater, l 40 000 Primary 6.Conclusions • 5 % of mass loss 10

LCA: inventory analysis CHP plant fed by regenerated UCO Table 4 : Inventory of the operational phase 1.Introduction Data source 2.LCA: goal and Inputs/outputs Total scope definition Cogeneration plant – operational phase 3.LCA: inventory Input analysis Regenerated UCO, t 767 Primary Output Gross electricity production, 3 167 442 Secondary 4.Results and discussion kWh Heat production, kWh 2 712 670 Secondary 5.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses Diesel cycle engine Mechanical power, kW 1 097 6.Conclusions Electric efficiency, % 39.9 Thermal efficiency, % 40.2 11

LCA: inventory analysis Biodiesel production Table 5: Inventory of the alkali ‐ catalytic conventional biodiesel production from UCO using methanol and NaOH 1.Introduction Min Max Data Inputs/outputs source 2.LCA: goal and Biodiesel production scope definition Input UCO, t 800 Primary Methanol, t 97.3 164.0 [9,25,26] 3.LCA: inventory NaOH, t 2.6 8.2 [9,25,26] analysis KOH, t ‐ ‐ [9,25,26] H 2 SO 4 , t 0.0 7.3 [9,25,26] H 3 PO 4 , t 0.1 2.1 [9,25,26] 4.Results and discussion CaO, t 0.0 0.1 [9,25,26] Propane, t 0.0 0.1 [9,25,26] Glycerol process, t 0.0 13.9 [9,25,26] 5.Sensitivity and Steam (from natural gas), MJ 1.6E+06 5.7E+0.6 [9,25,26] uncertainty analyses Electricity, kWh 6.4E+02 7.7E+03 [9,25,26] Output Biodiesel, t 767.6 799.7 Secondary 6.Conclusions Glycerol, t 76.8 81.6 Secondary Solid waste (salts), t 1.3 12.3 [9,25,26] Liquid waste (water, methanol, acids, 29.1 99.3 [9,25,26] 12 glycerol), t

LCA: inventory analysis Biodiesel production Table 6: Inventory of the alkali ‐ catalytic conventional biodiesel production from UCO using methanol and KOH 1.Introduction Min Max Data Inputs/outputs source 2.LCA: goal and Biodiesel production scope definition Input UCO, t 800 Primary Methanol, t 88.9 176.9 [10,14,16] 3.LCA: inventory NaOH, t ‐ ‐ [10,14,16] analysis KOH, t 0.1 16.6 [10,14,16] H 2 SO 4 , t 0.0 10.2 [10,14,16] H 3 PO 4 , t 0.0 3.9 [10,14,16] 4.Results and discussion CaO, t ‐ ‐ [10,14,16] Propane, t ‐ ‐ [10,14,16] Glycerol process, t ‐ ‐ [10,14,16] 5.Sensitivity and Steam (from natural gas), MJ 0.0 7.2E+05 [10,14,16] uncertainty analyses Electricity, kWh 3.27E+04 1.59E+05 [10,14,16] Output Biodiesel, t 683.8 777.8 Secondary 6.Conclusions Glycerol, t 67.1 85.0 Secondary Solid waste (salts), t 0.0 15.2 [10,14,16] Liquid waste (water, methanol, acids, 0.0 106.5 [10,14,16] 13 glycerol), t

LCA: inventory analysis Biodiesel production Table 7: Inventory of the acid ‐ catalytic conventional biodiesel production from UCO using methanol and H 2 SO 4 1.Introduction Min Max Data Inputs/outputs source 2.LCA: goal and Biodiesel production scope definition Input UCO, t 800 Primary Methanol, t 165.2 173.7 [25,26] 3.LCA: inventory NaOH, t ‐ ‐ [25,26] analysis KOH, t ‐ ‐ [25,26] H 2 SO 4 , t 70.9 115.2 [25,26] H 3 PO 4 , t ‐ ‐ [25,26] 4.Results and discussion CaO, t 40.5 65.9 [25,26] Propane, t ‐ ‐ [25,26] Glycerol process, t ‐ ‐ [25,26] 5.Sensitivity and Steam (from natural gas), MJ 6.8E+06 9.2E+06 [25,26] uncertainty analyses Electricity, kWh 7.3E+02 6.9E+03 [25,26] Output Biodiesel, t 772.7 811.3 Secondary 6.Conclusions Glycerol, t 83.3 88.7 Secondary Solid waste (salts), t 124.4 158.95 [25,26] Liquid waste (water, methanol, acids, 83.7 133.1 [25,26] 14 glycerol), t