MAXIMIZING OIL RECOVERY EFFICIENCY AND SEQUESTRATION OF CO SEQUESTRATION OF CO 2 Future Oil Future Oil Future Oil Future Oil Recovery Recovery WITH “GAME CHANGER” Efficiency Efficiency 60%+ 60%+ CO 2 -EOR TECHNOLOGY Prepared by: Vello A. Kuuskraa, President Today’s Oil Today’s Oil Advanced Resources International Advanced Resources International Recovery Recovery Recovery Recovery Efficiency Efficiency 33% 33% 1 JAF02584.PPT
SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES is funded principally through a grant of the SPE FOUNDATION The Society gratefully acknowledges those companies that support the program by allowing their professionals by allowing their professionals to participate as Lecturers. And special thanks to The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) for their contribution to the program. JAF02584.PPT
BACKGROUND BACKGROUND 1. Status and Outlook for CO 2 -EOR 2. “Game Changer” CO 2 -EOR Technology g gy 2 • Increasing Oil Recovery Efficiency • Expanding CO 2 Storage Capacity p g g p y 2 3. “Early Application” of CO 2 -EOR 4 Summary 4. Summary 3 JAF02584.PPT
U.S. CO 2 -EOR ACTIVITY 82 Number of CO 2 -EOR Projects Natural CO 2 Source Industrial CO 2 Source 2 CO 2 Pipeline Dakota Coal Proposed CO 2 Pipeline Gasification Commercial CO 2 -EOR Fields Plant Antrim Gas Antrim Gas LaBarge Plant Gas Plant 9 � Currently, 82 CO 2 -EOR 3 2 projects provide 237,000 B/D of 1 Enid Fertilizer 1 production production McElmo Dome Plant Plant Sheep Mountain Bravo Dome 6 � Affordable natural CO 2 JAF01994.CDR Jackson Dome 57 launched CO 2 -EOR activity in Val Verde the 1980’s 6 6 Gas Plants Gas Plants � Federal tax credits (Sec.43) and state severance tax relief still encourage CO 2 -EOR 4 JAF02584.PPT
GROWTH OF CO 2 -EOR PRODUCTION IN THE U.S. 2 JAF2006016.XLS 250,000 y) barrels/day Gulf Coast/Other Mid-Continent Rocky Mountains 200,000 Permian Basin Recovery (b 150,000 anced Oil R 100,000 50,000 Enha 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Source: Oil and Gas Journal, 2002. Year 5 JAF02584.PPT
LARGE VOLUMES OF DOMESTIC OIL REMAIN “STRANDED” AFTER PRIMARY/SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY Original Oil In-Place: 582 B Barrels* “St “Stranded” Oil In-Place: 390 B Barrels* d d” Oil I Pl 390 B B l * Future Challenge 390 Billion Barrels Cumulative Production Cumulative Production 172 Billion Barrels Proved Reserves 20 Billion Barrels *All domestic basins except the Appalachian Basin. Source: Advanced Resources Int’l. (2005) 6 JAF02584.PPT
OUTLOOK FOR CO 2 -EOR Recently completed “basin studies” of applying “state-of-the-art” CO 2 -EOR in the U.S. indicate: 2 • Nearly 89 billion barrels of technically recoverable resource, • • From 4 to 47 billion barrels of economically From 4 to 47 billion barrels of economically recoverable resource. Results are based on applying streamline reservoir simulation to 1,581 large oil reservoirs i i l ti t 1 581 l il i (two thirds of U.S. oil production). Available on the U.S. DOE web site. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/eor/Ten_Basin- Oriented_CO2-EOR_Assessments.html 7 JAF02584.PPT
ECONOMICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCES FROM CO 2 EOR RESOURCES FROM CO 2 -EOR “Traditional CO 2 -EOR Technology” “State of the Art” CO 2 -EOR Technology 50 46.8 able Oil tional, 40 Improved Economic Improved Economic Improved Economic Improved Economic cally Recovera Barrels of Addit Current Economic Conditions Current Economic Conditions Conditions Conditions 30 24.1 Billion B Economi 20 10 3 8 3.8 0 Low Cost CO 2 / High Cost CO 2 / High Cost CO 2 / Higher Oil Price Mod. Oil Price/ Mod. Oil Price/ Low Risk Low Risk Hi h Ri k High Risk L Low Risk Ri k Assumptions: • CO 2 Costs ($/Mcf): High = 5% oil price; Low = 2% oil price. • Oil Price ($/Barrel): Moderate = $30; High = $40. 8 JAF02584.PPT
“NEXT GENERATION” CO 2 -EOR TECHNOLOGY NEXT GENERATION CO 2 EOR TECHNOLOGY Gravity-stable laboratory core floods can recover essentially y y y all of the residual oil. Reservoir modeling and selected field tests also show that high oil recovery efficiencies are possible with innovative applications of CO 2 -EOR. Process designs that improve CO 2 contact with the reservoir can facilitate high oil recovery efficiencies. So far except for a handful of cases the actual performance So far, except for a handful of cases, the actual performance of CO 2 -EOR has been less than optimum: • Geologically complex reservoir settings • Lack of “real time” information on performance • Limited process control capacity 9 JAF02584.PPT
LIMITATIONS OF PAST PERFORMANCE Because of high CO 2 costs and lack of information and process control, the great majority of past-CO 2 floods have used insufficient volumes of CO 2 . insufficient volumes of CO 2 . Sweep Efficiency in Miscible Flooding Injected CO 2 vs Oil Recovery 1.0 Means (San Andres) @ 2:1 WAG Ratio 25 0.9 covery - % OOIP 0.8 Efficiency, E A 0.8 HCPV 20 0.7 0.6 HCPV 0.6 15 Sweep E 0 5 0.5 V V pD ntal Tertiary Rec 0.4 HCPV V at B.T. vs. M 5.0 pD 0.4 3.0 10 0.2 HCPV 2.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.2 5 0.6 Increme 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 30 10 40 50 0 20 Mobility Ratio, M Years Note: V pD is displaceable fluid pore volumes of CO 2 injected. Source: SPE 24928 (1992) Source: Claridge, E.L., “Prediction of Recovery in Unstable Miscible Displacement”, SPE (April 1972). 10 JAF02584.PPT
LIMITATIONS OF PAST PERFORMANCE In many CO 2 floods, the Oil and Water injected CO achieved only injected CO 2 achieved only limited contact with the reservoir: Water • Viscous fingering Vi fi i Waterflood • Gravity override (High Mobility Ratio) Addition of viscosity Oil and Water Oil and Water enhancers could help Polymer improve the mobility ratio In Water and reservoir contact. Water Viscosity Enhanced Flood (Improved Mobility Ratio) Source: Adapted by Advanced Resources Int’l from “Enhanced Oil Recovery”, D.W. Green and G. P. Willhite, SPE, 1998. 11 JAF02584.PPT
REVIEW OF PAST PERFORMANCE Relative Location of the Water Front Relative Location of the Water Front A major barrier is the Layer 1 (High Sor, Low k) 368 Days Layer 2 Water inability to target the (Low Sor, High k) injected CO 2 to reservoir injected CO to reservoir 478 D 478 Days (Breakthrough) strata with high residual oil 1839 Days saturation. (Channeling in Layer 2) 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 300 The figures show: Distance, ft Source: Adapted by Advanced Resources Int’l from “Enhanced Oil Recovery”, D.W. Green and • Higher oil G. P. Willhite, SPE, 1998. saturation/lower Well 27-6 Injection Profile Well 27-6 Injection Profile 6,350 permeability portion of (Before) (After) the reservoir is Depth inefficiently swept; D • CO 2 channeling can be mitigated with well workover. 6,900 6,900 0 0 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100 0 0 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100 % Injected Before % Injected After Source: “SACROC Unit CO 2 Flood: Multidisciplinary Team Improves Reservoir Management and Decreases Operating Costs”, J.T. Hawkins, et al., SPE Reservoir Engineering, August 1996. 12 JAF02584.PPT
ARE HIGHER OIL RECOVERY EFFICIENCIES ACHIEVABLE? ACHIEVABLE? Example Carbonate Field Oil Recovery Efficiencies 80% Jay Salt Creek S lt C k y Factor Means Recovery 2003 Recovery Time Time Source: Three ExxonMobil Oil Fields, SPE 88770 (2004) 13 JAF02584.PPT
“GAME CHANGER” CO -EOR TECHNOLOGY GAME CHANGER CO 2 -EOR TECHNOLOGY The DOE report, “Evaluating the Potential for “Game Changer” g g Improvements in Oil Recovery Efficiency from CO 2 -Enhanced Oil Recovery”: R Reviews performance of past CO 2 -EOR floods. i f f t CO EOR fl d • Sets forth theoretically and scientifically possible • advances in technology for CO 2 -EOR. Examines how much “game changer” CO 2 -EOR • technology would increase oil recovery and CO 2 storage capacity. storage capacity. Available on the U.S. DOE web site. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/eor_co 2/G 2/Game_Changer_Document.pdf Ch D t df 14 JAF02584.PPT
“GAME CHANGER” CO 2 -EOR TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) GAME CHANGER CO 2 EOR TECHNOLOGY (Cont d) • Innovative Flood Design and Well Placement g • Viscosity and Miscibility Enhancement • Increased Volume of CO 2 Injection j 2 • Flood Performance Diagnostics and Control – Inter-disciplinary technical teams p y – 4-D seismic – Instrumented observation wells Instrumented observation wells – Zone-by-zone performance information 15 JAF02584.PPT
ACHIEVING 60+% OIL RECOVERY EFFICIENCY WITH “GAME CHANGER” CO 2 -EOR TECHNOLOGY 2 Original Oil In Place: 309 Billion Barrels (Six U.S. Basins/Areas) Remaining Oil In-Place Cumulative Production 121 Billion Barrels 92 Billion Barrels 92 Billion Barrels Proved Reserves “Game Changer” CO 2 -EOR 12 Billion Barrels 84 Billion Barrels “St t “State-of-the-Art” CO 2 -EOR f th A t” CO EOR 41 Billion Barrels Source: Advanced Resources International, 2005 16 JAF02584.PPT
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