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Software De fj ned Cooking (SDC) using a microwave oven Haojian Jin Jingxian Wang Swarun Kumar Jason Hong 2
Cooking is the application of heat to ingredients to Cooking is the application of heat to ingredients to transform them via chemical and physical reactions transform them via chemical and physical reactions 3 Je ff Potter. Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food.
Cooking is the application of heat to ingredients to transform them via chemical and physical reactions SDC = programmable heating heat the food in a software-de fj ned thermal trajectory (recipe). 4 Je ff Potter. Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food.
overcooking the fat, without burning the meat. 5 https://www.hu ff post.com/entry/bacon-mistakes-how-to-cook_n_3111706
Software-de fj ned Cooking Recipe Cooked = Temperature x Time x Space 6
Software-de fj ned Cooking Recipe Cooked = Temperature x Time x Space temperature Burn fat 163°C Denature actin 65.5°C Kill bacteria 55°C Denature myosin 50°C Preheat time 7
Software-de fj ned Cooking Recipe Cooked = Temperature x Time x Space temperature Burn fat 163°C a fat pixel Denature actin 65.5°C Kill bacteria 55°C Denature myosin 50°C Preheat time 8
Software-de fj ned Cooking Recipe Cooked = Temperature x Time x Space temperature Burn fat 163°C Denature actin a fat pixel 65.5°C Kill bacteria a meat pixel 55°C Denature myosin 50°C Preheat time 9
SDC (software-de fj ned cooking): a novel low-cost closed-loop system that can sense and control heating at a fj ne-grained resolution. 10
We have a demo booth! SDC (software-de fj ned cooking): a novel low-cost closed-loop system that can sense and control heating at a fj ne-grained resolution. 11
Spoiler alert high heat 12
Spoiler alert high heat 13
Spoiler alert 14
third most popular domestic heating method (after baking and grilling) 15
Today’s Microwave: a blunt heating device reheating leftovers uneven & unpredictable heating 16
Microwave can only heat food blindly 1 Don’t know how much heat each food pixel has absorbed. 2 Have no way to actuate heating on a speci fj c food pixel. 17
A closed-loop system to heat smartly 1 Don’t know how much heat Sensing each food pixel has absorbed. 2 Have no way to actuate heating Actuation on a speci fj c food pixel. 18
A closed-loop system to heat smartly Sensing Actuation 19
A closed-loop system to heat smartly Sensing Actuation 20
Heat Sensing 21
Sensing related work (1) Most electronics & batteries are not microwave-safe . 22
Sensing related work (2) Microwave Synthesis Workstation 8 temperature sensors $ 86,000+ Specialized microwave-safe sensors are delicate and expensive . 23
Neon lights Glass Electrodes Low-pressure Neon gas mixture 24
Low-cost, wireless, battery-free, microwave-safe, glow in strong EM 25
Programming EM sensitivity dark glow -> brighter burned EM fj eld strength 26
Programming EM sensitivity dark glow -> brighter burned EM fj eld strength cannot measure any EM fj eld cannot measure any EM fj eld can measure the EM fj eld 27
Programming EM sensitivity Wires as the antenna for energy harvesting Glowing principles => Paper 28
Programming EM sensitivity dark glow -> brighter burned 0 mm 7.5 mm dark glow -> brighter burned 15 mm dark glow -> brighter burned EM fj eld strength 29
Programming EM sensitivity dark glow -> brighter burned 0 mm 7.5 mm dark glow -> brighter burned 15 mm dark glow -> brighter burned EM fj eld strength 30
Placement of Neon Lights 3cm turntable with 32 neon lights cover with 32 neon lights 31
Optical fj bers non-line-of-sight neon light signals 32
Sensors A web cam A thermal cam 33
Sensors Raw data 3D EM fj eld A web cam raw temperature A thermal cam 34
Sensors Raw data Output 3D EM fj eld extended kalman fj lter Temperature P A web cam Gradient P’ raw temperature A thermal cam 35
Heat Actuation 36
Actuation related work turn table for blind rotation non-uniform and unpredicatable 37
A closed-loop turntable Desired heat patterns from software-de fj ned recipes Current temperature distribution from Sensors at time t 38
A closed-loop turntable Desired heat patterns Heating gap Current temperature distribution at time t 39
A closed-loop turntable Desired heat patterns from Software-de fj ned recipe Heating gap Current temperature distribution ℗ Realtime heating power (P’) temperature gradient at time t 40
A closed-loop turntable Desired heat patterns from Software-de fj ned recipe Heating gap Current temperature Adjust rotation distribution ℗ plan Realtime heating power (P’) temperature gradient at time t 41
Heating patterns from 3D standing waves Microwave cannot heat individual pixels independently. 42
Determining the rotation plan Realtime heating power (P’) 43
Determining the rotation plan = Realtime heating Heating gap power (P’) 44
Determining the rotation plan = a knapsack problem Realtime heating Heating gap power (P’) Optimization details => Paper 45
Spoiler alert 46
Spoiler alert 47
Microwave accessories Details => Paper 48
patterned microwave susceptor ensure coverage through SDC 49
Evaluation 50
Evaluation apparatus thermal-chromatic pigment + rice reusable turn pink if p > 31°C The room temperature is at 20°C. 51
Uniform heating heat the rice in a plate uniformly to 60°C in 2 minutes. Baselines : microwave oven w/o turntable 52
time hot spots cold spots Uniform Heating 53
cold spots Uniform Heating 54
Uniform Heating 55
Uniform heating improve the thermal heating uniformity by 633% compared to microwaves with a blind turntable. Uniform Heating More quantitative results => Paper 56
Arbitrary heating with a microwave susceptor ring 50°C 500°C Arbitrary Heating 57
App: Cooking bacon 58
App: Cooking bacon Heated meat and fat will shrink. 59
App: Cooking bacon More apps => Paper 60
Limitations 1. SDC cooking is slower. 2. Some heating patterns might be infeasible. 3. Not sure if it’s more delicious. :-) 61
Future work 1. 6 DoF turntable 2. Higher frequency microwave + beamforming 3. Replacing neon lights with recti fj ers 62
Software De fj ned Cooking using a microwave oven Haojian Jin , Jingxian Wang, Swarun Kumar, Jason Hong, Carnegie Mellon University 63
Why Microwave? Radiation is most programmable because electromagnetic wave is re fm ective and stackable . 64
Why not thermal camera? Place thermal camera outside 1. limited resolution (both spatial and temporal) 2. only measure the e ff ect of heating after-the-fact Existing solutions 65
Challenges: heat food blindly Sensing Actuation 1. limited resolution (both spatial 3. blind rotation. and temporal) 2. only measure the e ff ect of 4. limited degree of freedom. heating after-the-fact 66
Cooking is the application of heat to ingredients to transform them via chemical and physical reactions that improve fm avor, reduce chances of food borne illness, and increase nutritional value. leave this space for professional chefs. 67 Je ff Potter. Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food.
knapsack problem Stochastic The heat pattern is non-static and unpredictable . Many factors can impact heat patterns. e.g., size, temperature, texture, material types 68
A greedy approximation algorithm Greedy strategy: At each step of the journey, heat at the rotation angle whose temperature gradient is most similar to the current heating gap . Solving the Optimization (3) 69
Cooking is the application of heat to ingredients to transform them via chemical and physical reactions that improve fm avor, reduce chances of food borne illness, and increase nutritional value. 70 Je ff Potter. Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food.
onsen tamago/hot spring eggs/63°C eggs Cooked = Temperature x Time 71
onsen tamago/hot spring eggs/63°C eggs set the temperature to 145°F (63°C) and let the eggs cook for anywhere from 45-90 minutes . Aki Kamozawa and Alex Talbot Cooked = Temperature x Time 72 Ideas in Food: Great Recipes and Why They Work: A Cookbook
The process of protein denature is a function of the temperature & time. 73
Temperatures of common reactions in food 74
A microwave oven converts a large electrical input ( ≈ 1000W) into microwave energy (2.45 GHz) and heats food using microwave radiation. 75
dielectric heating 76 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp33ZprO0Ck
standing wave 77 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp33ZprO0Ck
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