History of computer communication and the rise of the Internet Computer networks Girts Strazdins, gist@ntnu.no, NTNU i Ålesund, 2020
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
Communication = message exchange
Communication = message exchange
Messengers Messenger Sender Receiver
Postal service Magic
Post = message infrastructure
Postal service hierarchy Universal Postal Union Norwegian Swedish authorities authorities Nasjonal Posten kommunikasjons- … myndighet Posten Oslo Posten Ålesund Rema 1000 Amfi Spar Larsgården Moa … …
How to do it faster?
Telegraphy Wikipedia : “ Telegraphy is the long- distance transmission of textual messages where the sender uses symbolic codes , known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.” Replica of Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany. Image courtesy of Wikipedia First Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1858. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.
Telephone networks
Things to remember 1. The Internet was not invented in an empty space . It was a natural evolution of previous communication technologies: telegraphy and telephone. 2. Both the post and the Internet have a multi-link infrastructure where each link is managed by a specific institution (some institutions may manage many links). 3. The infrastructure is hierarchical – some organizations manage it at the international level, some for each country, some institutions manage a specific city, and so on. 4. The Internet (or the ARPANET) is not the first communication network in the world. It was possible to transmit both voice and data long before the Internet.
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
(Re)using telephone networks for computer 101010… communication Sound pulses Sound pulses 101010…
Circuit switching
Circuit switching for data transfer B
Circuit switching Advantages: Drawbacks: • Guaranteed speed • Expensive for the users • Guaranteed latency • Inefficient use of infrastructure • Guaranteed quality (limited data loss)
Packet switching • Each device B
Addressing needed for packet switching B Each device has an address. Each packet contains source and destination address
Packet switching Advantages: Drawbacks: • Cheap • No guarantees for speed • Efficient use of • Unpredictable latency infrastructure • Better scalability (can • Packet loss can happen support many users, as (when too many long as they are not packets wait at a node) very active )
Packet switching history • Idea first proposed in 1960s by Paul Baran at RAND corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. • The term packet switching coined by British scientist Donald Davies in 1965 • First packet switching devices in 1968: ARPANET
ARPAnet in 1969 First packet switching network J.C.R. Licklider Lawrence Roberts
First packet-switching network interface 1968, Leonard Kleinrock For comparison: 2020
It’s a beginning (1969)
1970
1971: No one expected what happened next... Norway connected to ARPANET with satellite links in 1973 with the goal to share research data.
Things to remember 1. Packet switching was introduced for more efficient utilization of infrastructure in computer communication. 2. Packet switching reuses the same communication lines for data exchange between all nodes on the network. For that to work, each node is assigned an address , and each packet contains a source and destination address. 3. First packet-switched network, ARPANET, was created in 1969 in the USA . 4. Norway connected to ARPANET as early as 1973.
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
ARPANET was not alone • Other proprietary networks were evolving in parallel • One of them: ALOHAnet in Hawaii, 1970
1974: In Inter-networking @ DARPA Vinton Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush
First global internet protocol: TCP • No layers • Later: IP layer separated, UDP added • ARPANET started using TCP in 1983
1988: Europe joins the Internet • Telenor in Norway was an early adapter: since 1983 • 1988: CERF, Geneva (Switzerland) • Standardizing existing communication lines • First linked entities: universities, researchers
Things to remember 1. There were several parallel developments of packet-switched networks. 2. There was a need for common protocol to connect the different proprietary networks together. 3. Development of TCP protocol started in 1974 and a usable version was out in 1983 when ARPANET started using it. 4. Gradually academic institutions in other countries joined the Internet.
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
Internet explosion in 1990s What was the reason?
Internet explosion in 1990s
1989-1991: The Web is born • Tim Berners-Lee invents the 4 building block of web • Which are these?
The building blocks of Web Web server HTTP Protocol HTML files Web browser
The very first web browser
Mosaic: first popular browser
Business start using Web
Internet growth Number of internet users 1995-2020 9'000'000'000 8'000'000'000 7'000'000'000 6'000'000'000 5'000'000'000 4'000'000'000 3'000'000'000 2'000'000'000 1'000'000'000 - 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020, forecast Number of internet users Unconnected population
Things to remember 1. The web was the main catalyst for the growth of the Internet. 2. The web has four main building blocks : browser, web server, HTTP protocol and HTML language.
Outline 1. Communication before the Internet 2. Packet switching and ARPANET 3. Inter-networking initiative 4. Rapid growth with the web 5. Recent developments
Trend #1: Towards the Internet of Things
Trend #2: High- speed Internet
Trend #3: Internet everywhere, for everyone, all the time
Google Loon Project www.loon.com
Trend #4: all data over Internet
Things to remember 1. We are moving towards the third generation of connectivity: from connected people to Internet of Things . 2. Recent developments are related to high-speed connectivity everywhere , all the time, for many devices. 3. Other types of communication (telephone, TV) reuse the Internet as a data carrier.
Image sources • https://www.iompost.com/ • http://blog.readytomanage.com/presenting-to-groups-of-people/ • https://www.medievalists.net/2015/01/medieval-math-problems/medieval-messenger/ • https://gameofthrones.fandom.com/wiki/Ravens • https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/game-of-thrones-sansa-letter-arya-season-7-episode-5-eastwatch • https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/last-christmas-post-dates-to-watch-out-for-first-class-second-class-and-international-11270911/ • https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5102809/Technology-helps-kids-send-letters-Santa-response.html • https://www.isparkconsulting.ca/2018/11/06/snailmail-vs-email-3-ways-to-ensure-your-message-stands-out/ • https://www.embedded.com/another-attempt-to-stop-pots/ • https://www.pinterest.com/jenniferpavigli/vintage-call-center-pics/ • https://www.natcomm.com.au/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=6 • https://prisguiden.no/kategorier/stasjonaer-pc • https://www.apposite-tech.com/blog/packet-switching-vs-circuit-switching/ • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34985230_Investigating_the_use_of_synchronized_clocks_in_TCP_congestion_control_ microform/ • https://www.jimdo.com/website/local-business/
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